HSRT EVALUATION EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Sound Deductive Reasoning - ✔✔you're using a valid logical structure (where the
conclusion must follow from the premises) AND all the starting premises (facts/beliefs)
are actually true, guaranteeing a true conclusion.
✔✔A Representative Sample - ✔✔a subset of a population that accurately mirrors the
key characteristics (like age, gender, demographics, behaviors) and proportions of the
larger group.
✔✔Appeal to Emotion - ✔✔a logical fallacy where an argument manipulates an
audience's feelings, such as fear, pity, or anger, instead of using facts, logic, or
evidence to persuade them.
✔✔False Analogy - ✔✔a logical fallacy where an argument incorrectly assumes that two
things are similar in one way, so they must be similar in other ways, ignoring key
differences.
✔✔Post Hoc Fallacy - ✔✔a logical error that occurs when someone assumes that
because event B happened after event A, event A must have caused event B.
✔✔Deductive Fallacy - ✔✔a flaw in reasoning where the conclusion does not logically
follow from the premises, even though the argument is structured to appear valid.
✔✔Deductive Certainty - ✔✔a conclusion is guaranteed to be true if its premises are
true.
✔✔Forced Dichotomy (False Dilemma) - ✔✔logical fallacy that presents a complex
issue as having only two possible, opposing choices, ignoring other potential solutions,
middle grounds, or nuances. False Dilemma: a logical fallacy that presents only two
options as the only possible choices when more alternatives actually exist.
Oversimplifies an issue by limiting the perceived options, which can mislead people into
accepting an argument they might otherwise reject. Used as a sense of URGENCY or
PRESSURE. EX: "You're either with us, or against us".
✔✔Valid Conclusion - ✔✔the degree to which conclusions drawn from a study's data
are accurate and reasonable regarding the relationship between variables.
✔✔Strong Inference - ✔✔a scientific method for making rapid progress by designing
experiments that can exclude multiple alternative hypotheses at once.
✔✔Inductive Reasoning - ✔✔a logical process of drawing a general conclusion from a
set of specific observations.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Sound Deductive Reasoning - ✔✔you're using a valid logical structure (where the
conclusion must follow from the premises) AND all the starting premises (facts/beliefs)
are actually true, guaranteeing a true conclusion.
✔✔A Representative Sample - ✔✔a subset of a population that accurately mirrors the
key characteristics (like age, gender, demographics, behaviors) and proportions of the
larger group.
✔✔Appeal to Emotion - ✔✔a logical fallacy where an argument manipulates an
audience's feelings, such as fear, pity, or anger, instead of using facts, logic, or
evidence to persuade them.
✔✔False Analogy - ✔✔a logical fallacy where an argument incorrectly assumes that two
things are similar in one way, so they must be similar in other ways, ignoring key
differences.
✔✔Post Hoc Fallacy - ✔✔a logical error that occurs when someone assumes that
because event B happened after event A, event A must have caused event B.
✔✔Deductive Fallacy - ✔✔a flaw in reasoning where the conclusion does not logically
follow from the premises, even though the argument is structured to appear valid.
✔✔Deductive Certainty - ✔✔a conclusion is guaranteed to be true if its premises are
true.
✔✔Forced Dichotomy (False Dilemma) - ✔✔logical fallacy that presents a complex
issue as having only two possible, opposing choices, ignoring other potential solutions,
middle grounds, or nuances. False Dilemma: a logical fallacy that presents only two
options as the only possible choices when more alternatives actually exist.
Oversimplifies an issue by limiting the perceived options, which can mislead people into
accepting an argument they might otherwise reject. Used as a sense of URGENCY or
PRESSURE. EX: "You're either with us, or against us".
✔✔Valid Conclusion - ✔✔the degree to which conclusions drawn from a study's data
are accurate and reasonable regarding the relationship between variables.
✔✔Strong Inference - ✔✔a scientific method for making rapid progress by designing
experiments that can exclude multiple alternative hypotheses at once.
✔✔Inductive Reasoning - ✔✔a logical process of drawing a general conclusion from a
set of specific observations.
