HSRT LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔False Cause - ✔✔a logical error that occurs when someone assumes a causal
relationship between two events without sufficient evidence. This often happens by
mistaking correlation for causation, such as assuming that because one event follows
another, the first event must have caused the second.
✔✔Appeal to Tradition - ✔✔a logical error where an argument is considered correct or
good simply because it has been done or believed for a long time. This fallacy assumes
that a tradition is right or better than its newer alternatives, often without examining the
actual merits of the practice or whether the world has changed.
✔✔Affirming the Consequent - ✔✔a formal logical fallacy where one concludes that the
antecedent (the "if" part of a statement) must be true because the consequent (the
"then" part) is true.
✔✔Circular Reasoning - ✔✔a logical fallacy in which the premise of an argument
assumes the conclusion to be true.
✔✔Hasty Generalization - ✔✔a subset of a population that accurately mirrors the key
characteristics (like age, gender, demographics, behaviors) and proportions of the
larger group.
✔✔Slippery Slope - ✔✔a logical fallacy that occurs when someone argues that an initial
action will inevitably lead to a series of undesirable outcomes without sufficient evidence
to support each step in that chain of events. It overstates the likelihood and certainty of
the final extreme result.
✔✔Appeal to Ignorance - ✔✔an argument that a claim must be true because there is no
evidence to disprove it, or that a claim must be false because there is no evidence to
prove it. It shifts the burden of proof to the person making the claim, incorrectly using a
lack of evidence as evidence itself.
✔✔Misleading Exaggeration - ✔✔A misleading exaggeration fallacy (often a component
of the Straw Man fallacy) is the act of inflating, overstating, or misrepresenting an
opponent's argument to an extreme or absurd version of the original claim.
✔✔Irrelevant - ✔✔an informal fallacy where someone presents an argument that might
seem logically sound but ultimately fails to address the actual issue or point in question,
essentially proving a different, irrelevant point.
✔✔Sound Deductive Reasoning - ✔✔you're using a valid logical structure (where the
conclusion must follow from the premises) AND all the starting premises (facts/beliefs)
are actually true, guaranteeing a true conclusion.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔False Cause - ✔✔a logical error that occurs when someone assumes a causal
relationship between two events without sufficient evidence. This often happens by
mistaking correlation for causation, such as assuming that because one event follows
another, the first event must have caused the second.
✔✔Appeal to Tradition - ✔✔a logical error where an argument is considered correct or
good simply because it has been done or believed for a long time. This fallacy assumes
that a tradition is right or better than its newer alternatives, often without examining the
actual merits of the practice or whether the world has changed.
✔✔Affirming the Consequent - ✔✔a formal logical fallacy where one concludes that the
antecedent (the "if" part of a statement) must be true because the consequent (the
"then" part) is true.
✔✔Circular Reasoning - ✔✔a logical fallacy in which the premise of an argument
assumes the conclusion to be true.
✔✔Hasty Generalization - ✔✔a subset of a population that accurately mirrors the key
characteristics (like age, gender, demographics, behaviors) and proportions of the
larger group.
✔✔Slippery Slope - ✔✔a logical fallacy that occurs when someone argues that an initial
action will inevitably lead to a series of undesirable outcomes without sufficient evidence
to support each step in that chain of events. It overstates the likelihood and certainty of
the final extreme result.
✔✔Appeal to Ignorance - ✔✔an argument that a claim must be true because there is no
evidence to disprove it, or that a claim must be false because there is no evidence to
prove it. It shifts the burden of proof to the person making the claim, incorrectly using a
lack of evidence as evidence itself.
✔✔Misleading Exaggeration - ✔✔A misleading exaggeration fallacy (often a component
of the Straw Man fallacy) is the act of inflating, overstating, or misrepresenting an
opponent's argument to an extreme or absurd version of the original claim.
✔✔Irrelevant - ✔✔an informal fallacy where someone presents an argument that might
seem logically sound but ultimately fails to address the actual issue or point in question,
essentially proving a different, irrelevant point.
✔✔Sound Deductive Reasoning - ✔✔you're using a valid logical structure (where the
conclusion must follow from the premises) AND all the starting premises (facts/beliefs)
are actually true, guaranteeing a true conclusion.
