NUFT 202 STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Values clarification - ✔✔Ethical dilemmas almost always occur in the presence of
conflicting values.
To resolve ethical dilemmas, one needs to distinguish among values, facts, and opinion.
you learn to tolerate differences in a way that often (although not always) becomes the
key to the resolution of ethical dilemmas.
✔✔Deontology - ✔✔proposes a system of ethics that is perhaps most familiar to health
care practitioners. Deontology defines actions as right or wrong based on their "right-
making characteristics," such as fidelity to promises, truthfulness, and justice.
Deontology depends on a mutual understanding of justice, autonomy, and goodness.
But it still leaves room for confusion to surface.
✔✔Utilitarianism - ✔✔Proposes that the value of something is determined by its
usefulness. This philosophy is also known as consequentialism because its main
emphasis is on the outcome or consequence of an action. A third term associated with
this philosophy is teleology, from the Greek word telos, meaning "end," or the study of
ends or final causes. The greatest good for the greatest number of people is the guiding
principle for determining right action in this system.
✔✔Feminist Ethics - ✔✔Focuses on the inequality between people; Feminist ethics
critiques conventional ethics such as deontology and utilitarianism. It looks to the nature
of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions, especially
relationships in which power is unequal, or in which a point of view has become ignored
or invisible. Writers with a feminist perspective tend to concentrate more on practical
solutions than on theory. Feminist ethicists propose that the natural human urge to be
influenced by relationships is a positive value.
✔✔Ethics of Care - ✔✔Emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships,
especially as they are revealed in personal narratives; promote a philosophy that
focuses on understanding relationships, especially personal narratives. An early
proponent of the ethics of care used the term the one-caring to identify the individual
who provides care, and the cared-for to refer to the patient or patients. In adopting this
language, the author hoped to emphasize the role of feelings.
✔✔Casuistry - ✔✔case-based reasoning; turns away from conventional principles of
ethics as a way to determine best actions and focuses instead on an "intimate
understanding of particular situations." This approach to ethical discourse depends on
finding consensus more than an appeal to philosophical principle. As a strategy for
solving dilemmas, consensus building promotes respect and agreement rather than a
particular philosophy or moral system itself.
,✔✔Nursing Point of View - ✔✔Nurses generally engage with patients over longer
periods of time than other disciplines.
Patients may feel more comfortable revealing information to nurses.
They are involved in intimate physical acts such as bathing, feeding, and special
procedures. As a result, patients and families may feel more comfortable in revealing
information not always shared with physicians or other health care providers.
Your ability to shape your care on the basis of this special knowledge provides an
indispensable contribution to the overall care of your patient.
✔✔Processing an Ethical Dilemma - ✔✔Step 1: Ask if this is an ethical dilemma.
Step 2: Gather all relevant information.
Step 3: Clarify values.
Step 4: Verbalize the problem.
Step 5: Identify possible courses of action.
Step 6: Negotiate the outcome.
Step 7: Evaluate the action.
✔✔Managers and administrators - ✔✔from many different professional backgrounds
contribute to ethical discourse with their knowledge of systems, distribution of
resources, financial possibilities and limitations.
✔✔Ethical dilmennas - ✔✔cause distress for patients and caregivers.
Resolving an ethical dilemma is similar to the nursing process in its methodical
approach to a clinical issue. It differs in that it requires negotiation of differences of
opinion and clarity about situations that are confusing and not easily solved by
appealing to the usual ethical principles.
A process for resolving ethical dilemmas that respects differences of opinion and all
participants equally helps health care providers resolve conflict about right actions.
These seven steps will guide you through assessment, planning, implementation, and
evaluation of an ethical dilemma.
✔✔Institutional Resources - ✔✔Ethics committees are usually multidisciplinary and
serve several purposes: education, policy recommendation, and case consultation.
Any person involved in an ethical dilemma, including nurses, physicians, health care
providers, patients, and family members, can request access to an ethics committee.
✔✔ethic committees - ✔✔serve to complement relationships within the workplace and
the community and offer a valuable resource for strengthening these relationships; A
process for resolving ethical dilemmas that respects differences of opinion and all
participants equally helps health care providers resolve conflict about right actions.
✔✔Quality of life - ✔✔Central to discussions about end-of-life care, cancer therapy,
physician-assisted suicide, and Do Not Resuscitate (DNR); Measures may take into
account the age of a patient, the patient's ability to live independently, his or her ability
, to contribute to society in a gainful way, and other nuanced measures of quality. Still a
definition remains deeply individual and difficult to predict.
The question of quality of life is central to discussions about quality of care, outcome
measures, care at the end of life, futile care, cancer therapy, and health care provider-
assisted suicide.
✔✔Disabilities - ✔✔Antidiscrimination laws enhance the economic security of people
with physical, mental, or
emotional challenges
✔✔Capabilities Approach - ✔✔begins with a commitment to the equal dignity of all
people, whatever their class, religion, caste, race, or gender, and it is committed to the
attainment, for all, of lives that are worthy of that equal dignity."
✔✔Care at the end of life - ✔✔Interventions unlikely to produce benefit for the patient; If
a patient is dying of a condition with little or no hope of recovery, almost any intervention
beyond symptom management and comfort measures is seen as futile. In this situation,
an agreement to label an intervention as futile can help providers, families, and patients
turn to palliative care measures as a more constructive approach to the situation.
✔✔Health Care Reform - ✔✔Facilitated access to care for millions of uninsured
Americans; The legislation also incorporates a promotion of wellness by proposing
changes in payment for services and by rewarding practices that reduce harm and
promote quality outcomes.
✔✔futile - ✔✔refers to something that is hopeless or serves no useful purpose. In
health care discussions, the term refers to interventions unlikely to produce benefit for a
patient.
✔✔If a nurse decides to withhold a medication because it might further lower the
patient's blood pressure, the nurse will be practicing the principle of:
A. responsibility.
B. accountability.
C. competency.
D. moral behavior. - ✔✔Answer: B
Rationale: If a nurse decides to withhold medication, despite a provider's order, the
nurse is then accountable for his or her actions, as the nurse made the independent
decision because of his or her knowledge of the patient and the patient's situation at
that moment in time.
✔✔Sources of law: - ✔✔Statutory law (Nurse Practice Act)
- Criminal law (felonies or misdemeanors)
- Civil law
Regulatory law (administrative law)
Common law (judicial decisions)
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Values clarification - ✔✔Ethical dilemmas almost always occur in the presence of
conflicting values.
To resolve ethical dilemmas, one needs to distinguish among values, facts, and opinion.
you learn to tolerate differences in a way that often (although not always) becomes the
key to the resolution of ethical dilemmas.
✔✔Deontology - ✔✔proposes a system of ethics that is perhaps most familiar to health
care practitioners. Deontology defines actions as right or wrong based on their "right-
making characteristics," such as fidelity to promises, truthfulness, and justice.
Deontology depends on a mutual understanding of justice, autonomy, and goodness.
But it still leaves room for confusion to surface.
✔✔Utilitarianism - ✔✔Proposes that the value of something is determined by its
usefulness. This philosophy is also known as consequentialism because its main
emphasis is on the outcome or consequence of an action. A third term associated with
this philosophy is teleology, from the Greek word telos, meaning "end," or the study of
ends or final causes. The greatest good for the greatest number of people is the guiding
principle for determining right action in this system.
✔✔Feminist Ethics - ✔✔Focuses on the inequality between people; Feminist ethics
critiques conventional ethics such as deontology and utilitarianism. It looks to the nature
of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions, especially
relationships in which power is unequal, or in which a point of view has become ignored
or invisible. Writers with a feminist perspective tend to concentrate more on practical
solutions than on theory. Feminist ethicists propose that the natural human urge to be
influenced by relationships is a positive value.
✔✔Ethics of Care - ✔✔Emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships,
especially as they are revealed in personal narratives; promote a philosophy that
focuses on understanding relationships, especially personal narratives. An early
proponent of the ethics of care used the term the one-caring to identify the individual
who provides care, and the cared-for to refer to the patient or patients. In adopting this
language, the author hoped to emphasize the role of feelings.
✔✔Casuistry - ✔✔case-based reasoning; turns away from conventional principles of
ethics as a way to determine best actions and focuses instead on an "intimate
understanding of particular situations." This approach to ethical discourse depends on
finding consensus more than an appeal to philosophical principle. As a strategy for
solving dilemmas, consensus building promotes respect and agreement rather than a
particular philosophy or moral system itself.
,✔✔Nursing Point of View - ✔✔Nurses generally engage with patients over longer
periods of time than other disciplines.
Patients may feel more comfortable revealing information to nurses.
They are involved in intimate physical acts such as bathing, feeding, and special
procedures. As a result, patients and families may feel more comfortable in revealing
information not always shared with physicians or other health care providers.
Your ability to shape your care on the basis of this special knowledge provides an
indispensable contribution to the overall care of your patient.
✔✔Processing an Ethical Dilemma - ✔✔Step 1: Ask if this is an ethical dilemma.
Step 2: Gather all relevant information.
Step 3: Clarify values.
Step 4: Verbalize the problem.
Step 5: Identify possible courses of action.
Step 6: Negotiate the outcome.
Step 7: Evaluate the action.
✔✔Managers and administrators - ✔✔from many different professional backgrounds
contribute to ethical discourse with their knowledge of systems, distribution of
resources, financial possibilities and limitations.
✔✔Ethical dilmennas - ✔✔cause distress for patients and caregivers.
Resolving an ethical dilemma is similar to the nursing process in its methodical
approach to a clinical issue. It differs in that it requires negotiation of differences of
opinion and clarity about situations that are confusing and not easily solved by
appealing to the usual ethical principles.
A process for resolving ethical dilemmas that respects differences of opinion and all
participants equally helps health care providers resolve conflict about right actions.
These seven steps will guide you through assessment, planning, implementation, and
evaluation of an ethical dilemma.
✔✔Institutional Resources - ✔✔Ethics committees are usually multidisciplinary and
serve several purposes: education, policy recommendation, and case consultation.
Any person involved in an ethical dilemma, including nurses, physicians, health care
providers, patients, and family members, can request access to an ethics committee.
✔✔ethic committees - ✔✔serve to complement relationships within the workplace and
the community and offer a valuable resource for strengthening these relationships; A
process for resolving ethical dilemmas that respects differences of opinion and all
participants equally helps health care providers resolve conflict about right actions.
✔✔Quality of life - ✔✔Central to discussions about end-of-life care, cancer therapy,
physician-assisted suicide, and Do Not Resuscitate (DNR); Measures may take into
account the age of a patient, the patient's ability to live independently, his or her ability
, to contribute to society in a gainful way, and other nuanced measures of quality. Still a
definition remains deeply individual and difficult to predict.
The question of quality of life is central to discussions about quality of care, outcome
measures, care at the end of life, futile care, cancer therapy, and health care provider-
assisted suicide.
✔✔Disabilities - ✔✔Antidiscrimination laws enhance the economic security of people
with physical, mental, or
emotional challenges
✔✔Capabilities Approach - ✔✔begins with a commitment to the equal dignity of all
people, whatever their class, religion, caste, race, or gender, and it is committed to the
attainment, for all, of lives that are worthy of that equal dignity."
✔✔Care at the end of life - ✔✔Interventions unlikely to produce benefit for the patient; If
a patient is dying of a condition with little or no hope of recovery, almost any intervention
beyond symptom management and comfort measures is seen as futile. In this situation,
an agreement to label an intervention as futile can help providers, families, and patients
turn to palliative care measures as a more constructive approach to the situation.
✔✔Health Care Reform - ✔✔Facilitated access to care for millions of uninsured
Americans; The legislation also incorporates a promotion of wellness by proposing
changes in payment for services and by rewarding practices that reduce harm and
promote quality outcomes.
✔✔futile - ✔✔refers to something that is hopeless or serves no useful purpose. In
health care discussions, the term refers to interventions unlikely to produce benefit for a
patient.
✔✔If a nurse decides to withhold a medication because it might further lower the
patient's blood pressure, the nurse will be practicing the principle of:
A. responsibility.
B. accountability.
C. competency.
D. moral behavior. - ✔✔Answer: B
Rationale: If a nurse decides to withhold medication, despite a provider's order, the
nurse is then accountable for his or her actions, as the nurse made the independent
decision because of his or her knowledge of the patient and the patient's situation at
that moment in time.
✔✔Sources of law: - ✔✔Statutory law (Nurse Practice Act)
- Criminal law (felonies or misdemeanors)
- Civil law
Regulatory law (administrative law)
Common law (judicial decisions)
