PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
ACTUAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉Organization of the Body. Answer: Cells--> Tissues--> Organs-->
Organ Systems
◉Functional Unit. Answer: smallest organized structure that can
perform the tasks of that organ/ system
◉Extracellular Matrix (ECM). Answer: -non-living macromolucules
in extracellular space
-exists in space between cells
-synth by several diff specialized cells
-these cells often embedded in matrix they secrete
-different ECM molecules have diff properties
-Elastin: elasticity, provides elastic properites/ functions to tissue
-Collagen: functional support
◉Macromolecules of ECM. Answer: Soluble Polymers
-long carb chains linked to proteins that bind water
,-composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycan, and cell adhesive
glyoproteins
-found in joints
-soluble= interacts w/ water
Insoluble Protein Fibrils
-made of structural proteins: Collagen and Elastin
-large components of ECM
◉Function of ECM. Answer: Mechanical Framework
-distributes stress from movement and gravity
-maintains structural integrity
Physiochemical Enviornment
-surrunds cells
-enviornment supports cell function mobility, etc
Medium for Nutrients and Chemical Messengers to freely diffuse
◉Body Fluid Components. Answer: -Water= 60%
-Intracellular fluid
-Extracellular fluid
,-Plasma: fluid protion of blood
-Interstitial fluid: fluid aroud and between cells
◉Integrated Control of Bodily Functions. Answer: -Back and forth
communication between 2 diff systems and the target
Nervous System
-neurotransmitters
-action potential
Endocrine System
-hormones
◉Post Developmental Growth of Organs. Answer: Proliferation
-inc # of cells
Hyperplasia
-inc size of organ/ tissue by PROLIFERATION
-Physiologic: occurs under normal stressors (puberty)
-Pathologic: response to abnoraml stressor (cancer, etc)
Hypertrophy
, -inc in size of tissue via inc in clell SIZE
-# of cells stays the same
-Physiologic: muscle hypertrophy due to exercise
-Pathologic: enlarged heart and hear failure
◉Homeostatsis. Answer: -function of organ systems is the maintain
"internal enviornment of the body"
-State of Dynamic Constancy
-physiological parameteres vary in short terms but are stable/
predicatble long term
◉Reflexes are Stimulus-Response Sequence. Answer: See pg 3 of
lecture 1 notes
◉Feedback Promotes Homeostatsis. Answer: Negative Feedback
-most common form in body
-inc in variable--> response--> dec in variable
-dec in variable--> response--> inc in variable
-ie change--> response that opposes change
Positive Feedback
-change in variable promotes augmented result
ACTUAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉Organization of the Body. Answer: Cells--> Tissues--> Organs-->
Organ Systems
◉Functional Unit. Answer: smallest organized structure that can
perform the tasks of that organ/ system
◉Extracellular Matrix (ECM). Answer: -non-living macromolucules
in extracellular space
-exists in space between cells
-synth by several diff specialized cells
-these cells often embedded in matrix they secrete
-different ECM molecules have diff properties
-Elastin: elasticity, provides elastic properites/ functions to tissue
-Collagen: functional support
◉Macromolecules of ECM. Answer: Soluble Polymers
-long carb chains linked to proteins that bind water
,-composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycan, and cell adhesive
glyoproteins
-found in joints
-soluble= interacts w/ water
Insoluble Protein Fibrils
-made of structural proteins: Collagen and Elastin
-large components of ECM
◉Function of ECM. Answer: Mechanical Framework
-distributes stress from movement and gravity
-maintains structural integrity
Physiochemical Enviornment
-surrunds cells
-enviornment supports cell function mobility, etc
Medium for Nutrients and Chemical Messengers to freely diffuse
◉Body Fluid Components. Answer: -Water= 60%
-Intracellular fluid
-Extracellular fluid
,-Plasma: fluid protion of blood
-Interstitial fluid: fluid aroud and between cells
◉Integrated Control of Bodily Functions. Answer: -Back and forth
communication between 2 diff systems and the target
Nervous System
-neurotransmitters
-action potential
Endocrine System
-hormones
◉Post Developmental Growth of Organs. Answer: Proliferation
-inc # of cells
Hyperplasia
-inc size of organ/ tissue by PROLIFERATION
-Physiologic: occurs under normal stressors (puberty)
-Pathologic: response to abnoraml stressor (cancer, etc)
Hypertrophy
, -inc in size of tissue via inc in clell SIZE
-# of cells stays the same
-Physiologic: muscle hypertrophy due to exercise
-Pathologic: enlarged heart and hear failure
◉Homeostatsis. Answer: -function of organ systems is the maintain
"internal enviornment of the body"
-State of Dynamic Constancy
-physiological parameteres vary in short terms but are stable/
predicatble long term
◉Reflexes are Stimulus-Response Sequence. Answer: See pg 3 of
lecture 1 notes
◉Feedback Promotes Homeostatsis. Answer: Negative Feedback
-most common form in body
-inc in variable--> response--> dec in variable
-dec in variable--> response--> inc in variable
-ie change--> response that opposes change
Positive Feedback
-change in variable promotes augmented result
