PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉Hormone. Answer: -Chemical Messenger
-travels through blood
-Can also diffuse through ECF to effect paracrine/ autocrine
mechanisms
-Regulate cellular function in their cells
◉Functions of Endocrine System. Answer: Fetal
-differentiation and development of Nervous system and
Reproductive System
Childhood and Adolesence
-coordination and stim of sequential growth
Reproduction
-coordination of male and female reproductive functions
,Physiological Stress
-initiates body's response to stress
-response includs adaptation and reg mechanisms
Homeostatsis
-regulatory systems function to maintain dynamic constancy
◉Hormone Structural Classes. Answer: Amine Hormones
-Hormones Synthesized from amino acids: Tyrosine and Tryptophan
-Tyrosine: Dopamine Norrepinephrine, Thyroid Hormone
Peptide/ Protein Hormones
-Largest class of hormones
-Synthesis: Preprohormone--> Prohormone --> stored in vesicle-->
secretion of hormone
Steriod Hormones
-synth from cholestrol
◉Steroid Hormones. Answer: Gondal Hormones
-Androgens, estrogens, Progestins
,Adrenal Cortex Hormones
-Mineralcoritcoid: Aldosterone from Zona glomuerulosa
-Glucorticoids: Cortisol from the Zona Fasciculata and reticularis
-Androgens from Zona fasciculata and reticularis
Placental Hormones produced during pregnancy
Vitamin D3
Synthesis
1. Trophic hormones from anterior pituitary are major stim
2. Cholesterol either synth or picked up from LDL
3. Intracellular signaling acitvates enzymes--> catalyze rxns in mito
and smooth ER
4. final steriod hormone product depends on cell type and type of
enzyme
5. Once formed, steroid hormone diffuses across membrane into
cirrculation
◉Cateogories of Hormone Repceptor. Answer: Ligand Gated Ion
Channels
-hormone opens ion channel
, Catalytic Receptors
-TKR
-autophosphorlyation--> serves as docking site
-Janus Kinase
-can phosphorlyate things itself
G-Coupled Protein Recpetors
-activates g-proteins
-drops gdp and picks up gtp
-drops b and y subunits
-goes to phosphor effector via cAMP
Nuclear Receptors
-special
-located INSIDE CELL
-bind to messeneger and becoms trx factor
◉Tropic Hormones. Answer: Stim secretion of target gland
hormones
◉Permissive Effects of Hormones. Answer: prescense of 1 hormones
stimes the action of other hormones
FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉Hormone. Answer: -Chemical Messenger
-travels through blood
-Can also diffuse through ECF to effect paracrine/ autocrine
mechanisms
-Regulate cellular function in their cells
◉Functions of Endocrine System. Answer: Fetal
-differentiation and development of Nervous system and
Reproductive System
Childhood and Adolesence
-coordination and stim of sequential growth
Reproduction
-coordination of male and female reproductive functions
,Physiological Stress
-initiates body's response to stress
-response includs adaptation and reg mechanisms
Homeostatsis
-regulatory systems function to maintain dynamic constancy
◉Hormone Structural Classes. Answer: Amine Hormones
-Hormones Synthesized from amino acids: Tyrosine and Tryptophan
-Tyrosine: Dopamine Norrepinephrine, Thyroid Hormone
Peptide/ Protein Hormones
-Largest class of hormones
-Synthesis: Preprohormone--> Prohormone --> stored in vesicle-->
secretion of hormone
Steriod Hormones
-synth from cholestrol
◉Steroid Hormones. Answer: Gondal Hormones
-Androgens, estrogens, Progestins
,Adrenal Cortex Hormones
-Mineralcoritcoid: Aldosterone from Zona glomuerulosa
-Glucorticoids: Cortisol from the Zona Fasciculata and reticularis
-Androgens from Zona fasciculata and reticularis
Placental Hormones produced during pregnancy
Vitamin D3
Synthesis
1. Trophic hormones from anterior pituitary are major stim
2. Cholesterol either synth or picked up from LDL
3. Intracellular signaling acitvates enzymes--> catalyze rxns in mito
and smooth ER
4. final steriod hormone product depends on cell type and type of
enzyme
5. Once formed, steroid hormone diffuses across membrane into
cirrculation
◉Cateogories of Hormone Repceptor. Answer: Ligand Gated Ion
Channels
-hormone opens ion channel
, Catalytic Receptors
-TKR
-autophosphorlyation--> serves as docking site
-Janus Kinase
-can phosphorlyate things itself
G-Coupled Protein Recpetors
-activates g-proteins
-drops gdp and picks up gtp
-drops b and y subunits
-goes to phosphor effector via cAMP
Nuclear Receptors
-special
-located INSIDE CELL
-bind to messeneger and becoms trx factor
◉Tropic Hormones. Answer: Stim secretion of target gland
hormones
◉Permissive Effects of Hormones. Answer: prescense of 1 hormones
stimes the action of other hormones
