HESI EXTRA CREDIT MODULES
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION SCRIPT 2026
FULL SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Lens. Answer: - Biconvex disc located just posterior to pupil
- Transparent, it serves as a refracting medium, keeping a viewed object
in focus on retina
⩥ Retina. Answer: - The visual receptive layer of eye where light waves
change into nerve impulses
- Retinal structures viewed through ophthalmoscope are optic disc,
retinal vessels, general background, and macula
⩥ Optic disc. Answer: Where optic nerve connects to the eyeball
⩥ Pupillary light reflex. Answer: - Normal constriction of pupils when
bright light shines on retina
- When one eye exposed to bright light, a direct light reflex occurs,
constriction of that pupil; and a consensual light reflex, simultaneous
constriction of other pupil
⩥ Fixation. Answer: - A reflex direction of eye toward an object
attracting person's attention
,- Image fixed in center of visual field, the fovea centralis
- These ocular movements are impaired by drugs, alcohol, fatigue, and
inattention
⩥ Accommodation. Answer: - Adaptation of eye for near vision
- Although lens cannot be observed directly, the following components
of accommodation can be observed:
- Convergence (motion toward) of the axes of the eyeballs
- Pupillary constriction
⩥ Pupils in Aging Adults. Answer: - Pupil size decreases
- Lens loses elasticity becoming hard and glasslike
- Visual age begins to diminish by age 50
- Worsens more so after age 70
⩥ Presbyopia. Answer: Lens loses elasticity, becoming hard and
glasslike, which decreases ability to change shape to accommodate for
near vision
⩥ Most common causes of decreased visual functioning in older adults.
Answer: 1) Cataract Formation
2) Glaucoma
3) Macular degeneration
,4) Loss of central vision
⩥ Cataract. Answer: - Clouding of the lens
- Can effect one or both eyes
- Occurs with age
⩥ Glaucoma. Answer: - Damage to optic nerve fiber
- Progressive
⩥ Macular degernation. Answer: - Incurable
- Treatable
- breakdown of cells in macula of retina
⩥ Strabismus. Answer: Lazy eye
⩥ Diplopia. Answer: Double Vision
⩥ External Ear. Answer: - Auricle or Pinna
- Consists of movable cartilage and skin
- Auditory Canal
- A cul-de-sac 2.5 to 3 cm long in adults that terminates at eardrum, or
tympanic membrane
, - Lined with glands that secrete cerumen, a yellow waxy material that
lubricates and protects ear
- Forms sticky barrier to keep foreign bodies from entering and reaching
sensitive tympanic membrane
⩥ Tympanic Membrane. Answer: - AKA the eardrum
- Separates external and middle ear
- Translucent membrane with a pearly gray color
- Oval and slightly concave, pulled in at its center by one of middle ear
ossicles, the malleus
⩥ Middle Ear. Answer: - Tiny air-filled cavity inside temporal bone
- Contains tiny ear bones, or auditory ossicles: the malleus, incus, and
stapes
⩥ Eustachian tube. Answer: - Opening that connects middle ear with
nasopharynx and allows passage of air
- Normally closed, but opens with swallowing or yawning
⩥ Three functions of the middle ear. Answer: - Conducts sound
vibrations from outer ear to central hearing apparatus in inner ear
- Protects inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sounds
- Eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of TM
so that it does not rupture
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION SCRIPT 2026
FULL SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Lens. Answer: - Biconvex disc located just posterior to pupil
- Transparent, it serves as a refracting medium, keeping a viewed object
in focus on retina
⩥ Retina. Answer: - The visual receptive layer of eye where light waves
change into nerve impulses
- Retinal structures viewed through ophthalmoscope are optic disc,
retinal vessels, general background, and macula
⩥ Optic disc. Answer: Where optic nerve connects to the eyeball
⩥ Pupillary light reflex. Answer: - Normal constriction of pupils when
bright light shines on retina
- When one eye exposed to bright light, a direct light reflex occurs,
constriction of that pupil; and a consensual light reflex, simultaneous
constriction of other pupil
⩥ Fixation. Answer: - A reflex direction of eye toward an object
attracting person's attention
,- Image fixed in center of visual field, the fovea centralis
- These ocular movements are impaired by drugs, alcohol, fatigue, and
inattention
⩥ Accommodation. Answer: - Adaptation of eye for near vision
- Although lens cannot be observed directly, the following components
of accommodation can be observed:
- Convergence (motion toward) of the axes of the eyeballs
- Pupillary constriction
⩥ Pupils in Aging Adults. Answer: - Pupil size decreases
- Lens loses elasticity becoming hard and glasslike
- Visual age begins to diminish by age 50
- Worsens more so after age 70
⩥ Presbyopia. Answer: Lens loses elasticity, becoming hard and
glasslike, which decreases ability to change shape to accommodate for
near vision
⩥ Most common causes of decreased visual functioning in older adults.
Answer: 1) Cataract Formation
2) Glaucoma
3) Macular degeneration
,4) Loss of central vision
⩥ Cataract. Answer: - Clouding of the lens
- Can effect one or both eyes
- Occurs with age
⩥ Glaucoma. Answer: - Damage to optic nerve fiber
- Progressive
⩥ Macular degernation. Answer: - Incurable
- Treatable
- breakdown of cells in macula of retina
⩥ Strabismus. Answer: Lazy eye
⩥ Diplopia. Answer: Double Vision
⩥ External Ear. Answer: - Auricle or Pinna
- Consists of movable cartilage and skin
- Auditory Canal
- A cul-de-sac 2.5 to 3 cm long in adults that terminates at eardrum, or
tympanic membrane
, - Lined with glands that secrete cerumen, a yellow waxy material that
lubricates and protects ear
- Forms sticky barrier to keep foreign bodies from entering and reaching
sensitive tympanic membrane
⩥ Tympanic Membrane. Answer: - AKA the eardrum
- Separates external and middle ear
- Translucent membrane with a pearly gray color
- Oval and slightly concave, pulled in at its center by one of middle ear
ossicles, the malleus
⩥ Middle Ear. Answer: - Tiny air-filled cavity inside temporal bone
- Contains tiny ear bones, or auditory ossicles: the malleus, incus, and
stapes
⩥ Eustachian tube. Answer: - Opening that connects middle ear with
nasopharynx and allows passage of air
- Normally closed, but opens with swallowing or yawning
⩥ Three functions of the middle ear. Answer: - Conducts sound
vibrations from outer ear to central hearing apparatus in inner ear
- Protects inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sounds
- Eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of TM
so that it does not rupture
