CLEP HUMAN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT REA FINAL PAPER 2026
FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS
◉Zone of Proximal (or Potential) Development (ZPD). Answer: The
difference between (actual and potential skills) the skills a child
develops alone and those that can be learned/achieved with the help
of someone knowledgeable. Vygotsky.
◉Lev Vygotsky. Answer: Russian psychologist who created an
alternative cognitive developmental theory to Piaget's theory.
Believe that Piaget was Not taking into consideration
social/sociocultural influences of cognitive development
[Sociocultural Theory of Development = the environment influences
the child just as much as the child influences the environment]
◉Ecological systems theory. Answer: (also called bioecological
approach) by Bronfenbrenner. Describes development as taking
place within the context of several systems. A child's development is
affected by several contexts or systems such as microsystems,
mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem
,◉microsystem. Answer: The immediate environmental conext the
child experiences directly, like the family. Bronfenbrenner.
◉mesosystem. Answer: the interrelationships between events of
different microsystems. example, home and school. Bronfenbrenner.
◉exosystem. Answer: the contexts that significant others in the
child's life directly experience but the child does not. example,
parent's work. Bronfenbrenner.
◉macrosystem. Answer: the larger cultural context in which all
other systems exist. Bronfenbrenner.
◉natural selection. Answer: The name Charles Darwin used for the
process through which species evolve over time. Some get traits that
help them survive, but others die out.
◉ethology and evolutionary psychology. Answer: sees human
development based on Darwin's theory of evolution
(key people: Konrad Lorenz and John Bowlby)
,◉Critical period. Answer: (called the sensitive period in humans &
by evolution theorists) a specific period in development when a
certain event will have the greatest impact/must be developed.
◉sample & population. Answer: a representative subset of a
population (in other words, less than all of the people from the
population) & all of the people who fit under a particular category
(such as all Americans, all high-school students with an eating
disorder, etc.)
◉random sample. Answer: The term used for a sample of the target
population that has been drawn using sampling technique that gave
every member of the target population an equal chance of being
selected (unlike biased sampling).
◉Experiments. Answer: A researcher manipulates variables to test
theories, conclusions, and cause and effect relationships. Has
independent and dependent variables. Researchers have direct
control over the independent variable.
◉Independent Variable. Answer: Is the variable that is being
manipulated (also the "cause")
◉dependent variable. Answer: The variable that is measured after
the manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment. it is
, the hypothesized effect in the cause and effect relationship being
tested.
◉experimental group & control group. Answer: exposed to the cause
& not exposed to the cause/normal treatment
◉quasi-experiment (field experiment). Answer: the researcher
cannot control some of the variables of interest in the study and
(unlike in the experimental design) cannot randomly assign
participants to treatment conditions. This is done in natural settings.
◉placebo effect & placebo & double blind study. Answer: different
behavior because the subject knows they are being tested/getting
special treatment & fake special treatment & both experimenter and
experimetee are unaware of who has recivied special treatment
◉correlational studies. Answer: assessing the relationship between
two variables (excluding cause and effect relationships). This can be
done in natural or laboratory settings.
factors can have a positive, negative, or no correlation (rise in one
factor corresponds in rise in another factor or rise in one factor
corresponds to a fall in another factor, respectively)
DEVELOPMENT REA FINAL PAPER 2026
FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS
◉Zone of Proximal (or Potential) Development (ZPD). Answer: The
difference between (actual and potential skills) the skills a child
develops alone and those that can be learned/achieved with the help
of someone knowledgeable. Vygotsky.
◉Lev Vygotsky. Answer: Russian psychologist who created an
alternative cognitive developmental theory to Piaget's theory.
Believe that Piaget was Not taking into consideration
social/sociocultural influences of cognitive development
[Sociocultural Theory of Development = the environment influences
the child just as much as the child influences the environment]
◉Ecological systems theory. Answer: (also called bioecological
approach) by Bronfenbrenner. Describes development as taking
place within the context of several systems. A child's development is
affected by several contexts or systems such as microsystems,
mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem
,◉microsystem. Answer: The immediate environmental conext the
child experiences directly, like the family. Bronfenbrenner.
◉mesosystem. Answer: the interrelationships between events of
different microsystems. example, home and school. Bronfenbrenner.
◉exosystem. Answer: the contexts that significant others in the
child's life directly experience but the child does not. example,
parent's work. Bronfenbrenner.
◉macrosystem. Answer: the larger cultural context in which all
other systems exist. Bronfenbrenner.
◉natural selection. Answer: The name Charles Darwin used for the
process through which species evolve over time. Some get traits that
help them survive, but others die out.
◉ethology and evolutionary psychology. Answer: sees human
development based on Darwin's theory of evolution
(key people: Konrad Lorenz and John Bowlby)
,◉Critical period. Answer: (called the sensitive period in humans &
by evolution theorists) a specific period in development when a
certain event will have the greatest impact/must be developed.
◉sample & population. Answer: a representative subset of a
population (in other words, less than all of the people from the
population) & all of the people who fit under a particular category
(such as all Americans, all high-school students with an eating
disorder, etc.)
◉random sample. Answer: The term used for a sample of the target
population that has been drawn using sampling technique that gave
every member of the target population an equal chance of being
selected (unlike biased sampling).
◉Experiments. Answer: A researcher manipulates variables to test
theories, conclusions, and cause and effect relationships. Has
independent and dependent variables. Researchers have direct
control over the independent variable.
◉Independent Variable. Answer: Is the variable that is being
manipulated (also the "cause")
◉dependent variable. Answer: The variable that is measured after
the manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment. it is
, the hypothesized effect in the cause and effect relationship being
tested.
◉experimental group & control group. Answer: exposed to the cause
& not exposed to the cause/normal treatment
◉quasi-experiment (field experiment). Answer: the researcher
cannot control some of the variables of interest in the study and
(unlike in the experimental design) cannot randomly assign
participants to treatment conditions. This is done in natural settings.
◉placebo effect & placebo & double blind study. Answer: different
behavior because the subject knows they are being tested/getting
special treatment & fake special treatment & both experimenter and
experimetee are unaware of who has recivied special treatment
◉correlational studies. Answer: assessing the relationship between
two variables (excluding cause and effect relationships). This can be
done in natural or laboratory settings.
factors can have a positive, negative, or no correlation (rise in one
factor corresponds in rise in another factor or rise in one factor
corresponds to a fall in another factor, respectively)
