NR 570 Final Exam Study Guide Exam Newest 2026
Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers
(Verified Answers)|Already Graded A+
What is nephrolithiasis? - ............ANSWER..........renal calculi (kidney
stones)
How does Renal calculi form? - ............ANSWER..........formed d/t
elevated levels of minerals in the body
What minerals in excess can cause renal calculi?
- ............ANSWER.......…
calcium oxalate (most common),
phosphate
uric acid
struvite
cystine
Urolithiasis - ............ANSWER..........stone in the bladder
Ureterolithiasis - ............ANSWER..........condition of stones in the ureter
Risk Factor & complications of renal calculi - ............ANSWER.......…
-Male, 20-50yo, previous stones, obesity, HTN, diabetes, low fluid
intake.
,-complications of stones: obstructions, pyelonephritis (kidney infection),
CKD
Classic Kidney stone presentation - ............ANSWER..........acute onset
of severe, colicky flank pain that wax and wane in intensity.
Severe pain is associated with the movement of the stone and can cause
n/v.
pt may seem anxious and unable to sit still
history and physical for nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
- ............ANSWER.......…
Irritative Bladder symptoms -dysuria (painful or difficulty urinating),
urgency, & frequency
Vague flank pain or acute colicky pain with increasing intensity
Radiation of pain into the groin
Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness
Hematuria
Diaphoretic, tachycardic, appear extremely uncomfortable
CVA tenderness tell your the stone is located where?
- ............ANSWER..........caused by passing of the stone through the
ureter with obstruction & spasm
Where is the stone located if the patient has pain in the groin region?
- ............ANSWER..........pain that radiates downward into the groin
indicates the stone has passed into the lower third of the ureter
,Vague flank pain or acute colicky pain with increasing intensity means
the stone is located where? - ............ANSWER..........stones in renal
pelvis
Differential Diagnosis for abdominal pain and/or flank pain:
- ............ANSWER..........Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
Pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
Ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian or testicular torsion
Appendicitis
Bowel obstruction
Diverticulitis
Rupture of aortic aneurysm
Right lower abdominal tenderness with a +Blumberg sign. What should
be suspected? - ............ANSWER..........Blumberg sign: Rebound
tenderness in the RLQ, caused by acute peritonitis.
*Appendicitis
What labs do we run to diagnose a kidney stone?
- ............ANSWER..........UA dipstick, urine microscopy and urine C&S
Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) to assess renal
function.
What radiology methods are preferred for outpatient treatment and why
- ............ANSWER..........inexpensive, easily accessible. in combo its
more practical
-KUB xray
, -Renal Ultrasound
What stones can be seen on a KUB?
What stone can you not see on a KUB - ............ANSWER..........CAN
see: Calcium oxalate - most common type of stone
CANNOT see: uric acid stones (radio translucent)
What is a Renal Ultrasound used for when testing for kidney stones?
- ............ANSWER..........good for assessing for hydronephrosis (excess
fluid in the kidney d/t back up of urine that can be caused by an
obstruction). Bad for identifying a stone.
What is the GOLD STANDARD for diagnosing a kidney stone?
- ............ANSWER..........Non-contrast CT scan.
Goal of renal calculi treatment - ............ANSWER..........focused on
symptomatic relief
pain medications -NSAID or narcs
antiemetics -n/v
facilitate stone passage-Thiazide diuretics, alpha-blockers or calcium
channel blockers to help facilitate the passage of a stone. Terazosin -alpha
blockers used for BPH.
<5 mm renal calculi can - ............ANSWER..........be passed through the
urine. may only require NSAIDs for management.
>5 mm renal calculi requires what? - ............ANSWER..........urology
consult.
Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers
(Verified Answers)|Already Graded A+
What is nephrolithiasis? - ............ANSWER..........renal calculi (kidney
stones)
How does Renal calculi form? - ............ANSWER..........formed d/t
elevated levels of minerals in the body
What minerals in excess can cause renal calculi?
- ............ANSWER.......…
calcium oxalate (most common),
phosphate
uric acid
struvite
cystine
Urolithiasis - ............ANSWER..........stone in the bladder
Ureterolithiasis - ............ANSWER..........condition of stones in the ureter
Risk Factor & complications of renal calculi - ............ANSWER.......…
-Male, 20-50yo, previous stones, obesity, HTN, diabetes, low fluid
intake.
,-complications of stones: obstructions, pyelonephritis (kidney infection),
CKD
Classic Kidney stone presentation - ............ANSWER..........acute onset
of severe, colicky flank pain that wax and wane in intensity.
Severe pain is associated with the movement of the stone and can cause
n/v.
pt may seem anxious and unable to sit still
history and physical for nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
- ............ANSWER.......…
Irritative Bladder symptoms -dysuria (painful or difficulty urinating),
urgency, & frequency
Vague flank pain or acute colicky pain with increasing intensity
Radiation of pain into the groin
Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness
Hematuria
Diaphoretic, tachycardic, appear extremely uncomfortable
CVA tenderness tell your the stone is located where?
- ............ANSWER..........caused by passing of the stone through the
ureter with obstruction & spasm
Where is the stone located if the patient has pain in the groin region?
- ............ANSWER..........pain that radiates downward into the groin
indicates the stone has passed into the lower third of the ureter
,Vague flank pain or acute colicky pain with increasing intensity means
the stone is located where? - ............ANSWER..........stones in renal
pelvis
Differential Diagnosis for abdominal pain and/or flank pain:
- ............ANSWER..........Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
Pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
Ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian or testicular torsion
Appendicitis
Bowel obstruction
Diverticulitis
Rupture of aortic aneurysm
Right lower abdominal tenderness with a +Blumberg sign. What should
be suspected? - ............ANSWER..........Blumberg sign: Rebound
tenderness in the RLQ, caused by acute peritonitis.
*Appendicitis
What labs do we run to diagnose a kidney stone?
- ............ANSWER..........UA dipstick, urine microscopy and urine C&S
Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) to assess renal
function.
What radiology methods are preferred for outpatient treatment and why
- ............ANSWER..........inexpensive, easily accessible. in combo its
more practical
-KUB xray
, -Renal Ultrasound
What stones can be seen on a KUB?
What stone can you not see on a KUB - ............ANSWER..........CAN
see: Calcium oxalate - most common type of stone
CANNOT see: uric acid stones (radio translucent)
What is a Renal Ultrasound used for when testing for kidney stones?
- ............ANSWER..........good for assessing for hydronephrosis (excess
fluid in the kidney d/t back up of urine that can be caused by an
obstruction). Bad for identifying a stone.
What is the GOLD STANDARD for diagnosing a kidney stone?
- ............ANSWER..........Non-contrast CT scan.
Goal of renal calculi treatment - ............ANSWER..........focused on
symptomatic relief
pain medications -NSAID or narcs
antiemetics -n/v
facilitate stone passage-Thiazide diuretics, alpha-blockers or calcium
channel blockers to help facilitate the passage of a stone. Terazosin -alpha
blockers used for BPH.
<5 mm renal calculi can - ............ANSWER..........be passed through the
urine. may only require NSAIDs for management.
>5 mm renal calculi requires what? - ............ANSWER..........urology
consult.
