BIOD 331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 4
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What are etiologic factors?.
Answer: Causes of disease
◍ Purulent exudates usually contain:a. small amounts of plasma protein &
histamine in waterb. red blood cells & all types of white blood cellsc.
numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debrisd. large amounts of water
containing a few cells.
Answer: c. numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris
◍ Biomacromoleoules are large and can't be transported across cell
membranes by carrier proteins : what are the 2 special transport they
require?.
Answer: Endocytosis: molecule outside of cell is enclosed and forms
vesicleThis process includes pinocytosis and phagocytosisExocytosis:
opposite of endocy. as it secretes intracellular substances into extracellular
space. Removes cell debris and hormones
◍ Term for multiple signs and symptoms together.
Answer: Syndrome
◍ Which of the following result directly from the release of chemical
mediators following a moderate burn injury?1. pain2. local
vasoconstriction3. increased capillary permeability4. pallora. 1, 2b. 1, 3c. 2,
3d. 2, 4.
Answer: b. 1, 3
◍ What is morphology?.
Answer: Structure of cells or tissues- morphologic changes can be
, microscopic
◍ How can ER be damaged?.
Answer: If protein accumulates faster than can be processed.This is linked to
diseases like IBD
◍ The structure of a virus includes:a. a cell wall and membraneb. metabolic
enzymes for replicationc. a protein coat and either DNA or RNAd. a slime
capsule and cilia.
Answer: c. a protein coat and either DNA or RNA
◍ An autoimmune disease is:a. excessive formation of antibodies following
exposure to foreign materialb. an extreme response to normally harmless
material in the environmentc. an abnormal response to ingested food and
drugsd. failure of the immune system to distinguish self from nonself.
Answer: d. failure of the immune system to distinguish self from nonself
◍ Name 3 primary structures of cell.
Answer: Nucleus cytoplasm, plasma membrane
◍ A major source of infection in burn areas is:a. the skin graftsb. microbes
surviving in the hair follicles in the burn areac. circulating blood bringing
microbes to the burn woundd. the patient's hands transferring microbes to
the burn area.
Answer: b. microbes surviving in the hair follicles in the burn area
◍ A specific defense for the body is:a. phagocytosisb. sensitized
T-lymphocytesc. the inflammatory responsed. intact skin and mucous
membranes.
Answer: b. sensitized T-lymphocytes
◍ Distinguishing clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus include:a.
inflammation in multiple organsb. lack of a specific diagnostic blood testc.
acute onset, nonprogressive coursed. typical skin rash on the chest and back.
Answer: a. inflammation in multiple organs
◍ Define dysplasia.
, Answer: Abnormal cell growth resulting in cells in different shapes, size,
organization. Can be precancerous and also caused by stressor and
reversible like metaplasia
◍ Why is anaphylaxis considered a critical situation?a. The heart rate is
irregular.b. Carbon dioxide levels in the body are greatly increased.c.
Bronchoconstriction and systemic vasodilation develop rapidly.d.
Manifestations are not obvious in the initial stages..
Answer: c. bronchoconstriction and systemic vasodilation develop rapidly
◍ Which of the following causes anaphylaxis?a. a severe, systemic allergic
reactionb. type III hypersensitivityc. cell-mediated hypersensitivityd.
immune complex deposits in many tissues.
Answer: a. a severe, systemic allergic reaction
◍ Host-versus-graft disease refers to:a. hyperacute rejection of tissueb. T-cells
in grafted tissue attacking host cellsc. infection resulting from
immunosuppression therapyd. transplant rejection by the recipient's immune
system.
Answer: d. transplant rejection by the recipient's immune system
◍ The presence of the bacterial capsule:a. promotes attachment of the bacteria
to tissueb. protects the microbe from phagocytosisc. increases the release of
toxins and enzymesd. prevents replication of the bacterium.
Answer: b. protects the microbe from phagocytosis
◍ Inhalation of carbon monoxide is a threat for many burn patients because
this gas:a. causes swelling in the tracheab. quickly reduces the available
oxygen in the bloodc. prevents full expansion of the lungsd. is toxic to the
nervous system.
Answer: b. quickly reduces the available oxygen in the blood
◍ When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called:a. ischemiab.
gangrenec. hypoxiad. necrosis.
Answer: d. necrosis
◍ HIV is transmitted by:a. kissing or coughing into another's faceb. infected
, secretions on toilet seatsc. any contaminated surface and skind. blood,
semen, and vaginal secretions from an infected person.
Answer: d. blood, semen, and vaginal secretions from an infected person
◍ Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include:a.
albumin and fibrinogenb. growth factors and cell enzymesc. macrophages
and neutrophilsd. histamine and prostaglandins.
Answer: d. histamine and prostaglandins
◍ The best definition of the term prognosis is the:a. precipitating factors
causing an acute episodeb. number of remissions to be expected during the
course of a chronic illnessc. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery
from a specific diseased. exacerbations occurring during chronic illness.
Answer: c. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific
disease
◍ When an infection or inflammation is suspected, what does leucopenia often
indicate?a. bacterial infectionb. viral infectionc. allergic reactiond.
septicemia.
Answer: b. viral infection
◍ Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem
that arises after the original disease is established?a. symptomsb.
occurrencec. manifestationsd. complication.
Answer: d. complication
◍ Define tissue.
Answer: Cells that share similar functions
◍ All of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health EXCEPT:a. follow
cancer screening guidelinesb. use sun block agents whenever exposedc.
participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basisd. choose high fiber,
lower fat foodse. avoid second hand smoke at all times.
Answer: c. participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis
◍ Why is an application of cold recommended as part of the RICE first aid
measures immediately following an inflammatory response due to injury?
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What are etiologic factors?.
Answer: Causes of disease
◍ Purulent exudates usually contain:a. small amounts of plasma protein &
histamine in waterb. red blood cells & all types of white blood cellsc.
numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debrisd. large amounts of water
containing a few cells.
Answer: c. numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris
◍ Biomacromoleoules are large and can't be transported across cell
membranes by carrier proteins : what are the 2 special transport they
require?.
Answer: Endocytosis: molecule outside of cell is enclosed and forms
vesicleThis process includes pinocytosis and phagocytosisExocytosis:
opposite of endocy. as it secretes intracellular substances into extracellular
space. Removes cell debris and hormones
◍ Term for multiple signs and symptoms together.
Answer: Syndrome
◍ Which of the following result directly from the release of chemical
mediators following a moderate burn injury?1. pain2. local
vasoconstriction3. increased capillary permeability4. pallora. 1, 2b. 1, 3c. 2,
3d. 2, 4.
Answer: b. 1, 3
◍ What is morphology?.
Answer: Structure of cells or tissues- morphologic changes can be
, microscopic
◍ How can ER be damaged?.
Answer: If protein accumulates faster than can be processed.This is linked to
diseases like IBD
◍ The structure of a virus includes:a. a cell wall and membraneb. metabolic
enzymes for replicationc. a protein coat and either DNA or RNAd. a slime
capsule and cilia.
Answer: c. a protein coat and either DNA or RNA
◍ An autoimmune disease is:a. excessive formation of antibodies following
exposure to foreign materialb. an extreme response to normally harmless
material in the environmentc. an abnormal response to ingested food and
drugsd. failure of the immune system to distinguish self from nonself.
Answer: d. failure of the immune system to distinguish self from nonself
◍ Name 3 primary structures of cell.
Answer: Nucleus cytoplasm, plasma membrane
◍ A major source of infection in burn areas is:a. the skin graftsb. microbes
surviving in the hair follicles in the burn areac. circulating blood bringing
microbes to the burn woundd. the patient's hands transferring microbes to
the burn area.
Answer: b. microbes surviving in the hair follicles in the burn area
◍ A specific defense for the body is:a. phagocytosisb. sensitized
T-lymphocytesc. the inflammatory responsed. intact skin and mucous
membranes.
Answer: b. sensitized T-lymphocytes
◍ Distinguishing clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus include:a.
inflammation in multiple organsb. lack of a specific diagnostic blood testc.
acute onset, nonprogressive coursed. typical skin rash on the chest and back.
Answer: a. inflammation in multiple organs
◍ Define dysplasia.
, Answer: Abnormal cell growth resulting in cells in different shapes, size,
organization. Can be precancerous and also caused by stressor and
reversible like metaplasia
◍ Why is anaphylaxis considered a critical situation?a. The heart rate is
irregular.b. Carbon dioxide levels in the body are greatly increased.c.
Bronchoconstriction and systemic vasodilation develop rapidly.d.
Manifestations are not obvious in the initial stages..
Answer: c. bronchoconstriction and systemic vasodilation develop rapidly
◍ Which of the following causes anaphylaxis?a. a severe, systemic allergic
reactionb. type III hypersensitivityc. cell-mediated hypersensitivityd.
immune complex deposits in many tissues.
Answer: a. a severe, systemic allergic reaction
◍ Host-versus-graft disease refers to:a. hyperacute rejection of tissueb. T-cells
in grafted tissue attacking host cellsc. infection resulting from
immunosuppression therapyd. transplant rejection by the recipient's immune
system.
Answer: d. transplant rejection by the recipient's immune system
◍ The presence of the bacterial capsule:a. promotes attachment of the bacteria
to tissueb. protects the microbe from phagocytosisc. increases the release of
toxins and enzymesd. prevents replication of the bacterium.
Answer: b. protects the microbe from phagocytosis
◍ Inhalation of carbon monoxide is a threat for many burn patients because
this gas:a. causes swelling in the tracheab. quickly reduces the available
oxygen in the bloodc. prevents full expansion of the lungsd. is toxic to the
nervous system.
Answer: b. quickly reduces the available oxygen in the blood
◍ When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called:a. ischemiab.
gangrenec. hypoxiad. necrosis.
Answer: d. necrosis
◍ HIV is transmitted by:a. kissing or coughing into another's faceb. infected
, secretions on toilet seatsc. any contaminated surface and skind. blood,
semen, and vaginal secretions from an infected person.
Answer: d. blood, semen, and vaginal secretions from an infected person
◍ Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include:a.
albumin and fibrinogenb. growth factors and cell enzymesc. macrophages
and neutrophilsd. histamine and prostaglandins.
Answer: d. histamine and prostaglandins
◍ The best definition of the term prognosis is the:a. precipitating factors
causing an acute episodeb. number of remissions to be expected during the
course of a chronic illnessc. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery
from a specific diseased. exacerbations occurring during chronic illness.
Answer: c. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific
disease
◍ When an infection or inflammation is suspected, what does leucopenia often
indicate?a. bacterial infectionb. viral infectionc. allergic reactiond.
septicemia.
Answer: b. viral infection
◍ Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem
that arises after the original disease is established?a. symptomsb.
occurrencec. manifestationsd. complication.
Answer: d. complication
◍ Define tissue.
Answer: Cells that share similar functions
◍ All of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health EXCEPT:a. follow
cancer screening guidelinesb. use sun block agents whenever exposedc.
participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basisd. choose high fiber,
lower fat foodse. avoid second hand smoke at all times.
Answer: c. participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis
◍ Why is an application of cold recommended as part of the RICE first aid
measures immediately following an inflammatory response due to injury?
