NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1
Latest Questions Pack and Solutions 2026/2027
(Top Score A+)
• Define a symptom -✓✓Subjective; what the client says
• Describe homeostasis -✓✓Body maintaining balance
• Epinephrine is released -✓✓During the alarm phase of the general adaptation
syndrome
• Epinephrine is released -✓✓During a stress response
• Function of mitochondria -✓✓Has own DNA & ribosomes. Produces ATP
• Know the effects of the RAAS system -✓✓vasoconstriction, increased blood
pressure
• Define hyperplasia -✓✓Increase the number of cells
• Know the function of the endoplasmic reticulum -✓✓Protein/Lipid synthesis
• Know the function of hormone renin -✓✓Maintain, control and balance
fluids/electrolytes
• Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes -✓✓Edema
• What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? -✓✓Vomiting and diarrhea
• What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? -✓✓Low blood calcium
• Know the symptoms of dehydration -✓✓Urinate < 3-4/day.
• Define osmosis -✓✓low to high concentration gradient, moves fluid/water
, • Know the clinical manifestations of fluid excess -✓✓edema, water intoxication
• Extracellular fluid contains higher levels of these 2 electrolytes? -✓✓Sodium and
chloride
• Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte?Potassium -
✓✓Potassium
• Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? -✓✓Hemorrhage & GI fluid loss
• Hyponatremia can result in what fatal action? -✓✓Cerebral edema
• Bones are a reservoir for what electrolyte? -✓✓Calcium
• Know the normal lab value range for potassium, sodium, and calcium/what
happens to the body when outside this range? -✓✓Hypokalemia: cardiac
arrhythmias.
Hypocalcemia: Positive Chvostek.
Hyponatremia: Cerebral Edema
• Know ABGs: -✓✓pH: 7.35-7.45
CO2: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26
• Know cause of metabolic alkalosis -✓✓pH & HCO3 are alkalotic
• Define active transport -✓✓Requires energy from low to high concentration
against gradient
• Define hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solutions -✓✓hypo - fluid increase inside
hyper- fluid decrease inside (shrivel)
iso - equal
Latest Questions Pack and Solutions 2026/2027
(Top Score A+)
• Define a symptom -✓✓Subjective; what the client says
• Describe homeostasis -✓✓Body maintaining balance
• Epinephrine is released -✓✓During the alarm phase of the general adaptation
syndrome
• Epinephrine is released -✓✓During a stress response
• Function of mitochondria -✓✓Has own DNA & ribosomes. Produces ATP
• Know the effects of the RAAS system -✓✓vasoconstriction, increased blood
pressure
• Define hyperplasia -✓✓Increase the number of cells
• Know the function of the endoplasmic reticulum -✓✓Protein/Lipid synthesis
• Know the function of hormone renin -✓✓Maintain, control and balance
fluids/electrolytes
• Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes -✓✓Edema
• What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? -✓✓Vomiting and diarrhea
• What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? -✓✓Low blood calcium
• Know the symptoms of dehydration -✓✓Urinate < 3-4/day.
• Define osmosis -✓✓low to high concentration gradient, moves fluid/water
, • Know the clinical manifestations of fluid excess -✓✓edema, water intoxication
• Extracellular fluid contains higher levels of these 2 electrolytes? -✓✓Sodium and
chloride
• Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte?Potassium -
✓✓Potassium
• Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? -✓✓Hemorrhage & GI fluid loss
• Hyponatremia can result in what fatal action? -✓✓Cerebral edema
• Bones are a reservoir for what electrolyte? -✓✓Calcium
• Know the normal lab value range for potassium, sodium, and calcium/what
happens to the body when outside this range? -✓✓Hypokalemia: cardiac
arrhythmias.
Hypocalcemia: Positive Chvostek.
Hyponatremia: Cerebral Edema
• Know ABGs: -✓✓pH: 7.35-7.45
CO2: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26
• Know cause of metabolic alkalosis -✓✓pH & HCO3 are alkalotic
• Define active transport -✓✓Requires energy from low to high concentration
against gradient
• Define hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solutions -✓✓hypo - fluid increase inside
hyper- fluid decrease inside (shrivel)
iso - equal
