TEXES LIFE SCIENCE 7-12 CERTIFICATION EXAM | TOP
SCORES MADE SIMPLE | TRUSTED TEST SOLUTIONS!
Quantitative observations Answer: Observations that can be measured
Number, length, mass, volume, etc
Qualitative observations Answer: Observations that cannot be measured
Color, shape, texture, etc
Hypothesis Answer: A testable proposition that scientists can use as the basis for an
investigation
If it cannot be tested scientifically, then it is not a hypothesis
Propose an explaination of observed natural phenomenon
Mathematical biology Answer: Rooted in multifaceted mathematical models inspired by
complex biological processes
Theoretical biology Answer: Develops and uses data from the mathematical models to
develop theoretical assessments of biological processes
What is the first law of thermodynamics state? Answer: That energy cannot be created
nor destroyed, it can only be transferred
How are scientific laws distinguished from facts? Answer: By their durability (or ability
to stay constant over time)
Facts are the observations themselves, they are never considered final proof
Scientific laws are a generalized description of natural phenomena over time based on
multiple observations
Cell theory Answer: States that all living things are made up of cells
Cells can only come from other cells
Robert Hooke used a microscope to identify, describe, and name cells
Germ theory Answer: Microorganisms, "germs", were found everywhere and
contributed to both food spoilage and disease
Work of Louis Pasteur
1
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,Confirmed the cell theory that cells only come from other cells
What are the driving forces of evolution? Answer: Descent with modification and
natural selection
Work of Charles Darwin
Structure of genetic material: Answer: Hershey and Chase - initially confirmed that DNA
comprises the genetic material of cells
Watson and Crick - revealed that the structure of DNA is a double helix (based off the
work of Franklin)
Carl Linnaeus Answer: Developed the hierarchal system
Grouped species into seven levels (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and
species)
Carl Woese Answer: Modified Linnaeus' hierarchal system
Redrew the taxonomic tree, added "domain" to the top of the classification system
Precision Answer: Refers to how close repeated values are to one another
(On a target, all the holes are right next to each other)
Accuracy Answer: Refers to how close a measured value is to the true value
(On a target, all of the holes are within the same ring)
What are the seven SI units? Answer: Meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin,
candela, and mole
What are significant figures? Answer: The non zero numbers, the zeros between them,
and the final zero
Linear scale Answer: Shows equal values using equal divisions
Waves or mechanical motion
Logarithmic scale Answer: Nonlinear , units are written in powers of 10
Richter scale, entropy, and the decibel unit used to measure sound
Crucibles Answer: When heating things at very high temperatures, this is the best thing
to use because they are resistant to the high temperatures
What composes the nucleus of an atom? Answer: Protons - positively charged
Neutrons - neutrally charged
2
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, Electrons Answer: Negatively charged particles within the electron cloud surrounding
the nucleus
Atomic number Answer: Refers to the number of protons in the nucleus
Mass number Answer: Refers to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Ionic bond Answer: Forms when one atom DONATES an electron to another atom
Cation Answer: Positively charged
Loses its electron - donates it
Anion Answer: Negatively charged
Gains an electron - accepts it
Covalent bond Answer: Stronger of the two main chemical bonds
Form when two atoms SHARE electrons
Organic molecules Answer: Molecule contains carbon and hydrogen atoms
Usually held together by covalent bonds
Inorganic molecules Answer: Usually contain a small number of atoms held together by
ionic bonds
Often contain metals and nonmetals
Dehydration synthesis Answer: When water is lost to form the bond
Proteins Answer: Built from amino acids
Carbohydrates Answer: Polymers made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules
Also known as sugars
Function is to store energy
Lipids Answer: Built from fatty acids and glycerol
Plays an important role in energy storage and structure of membranes
Nucleic acids Answer: Long chains of nucleotides
DNA and RNA
Second law of thermodynamics Answer: Governs the direction that energy flows or
changes
It flows through a system, or changes, until it reaches a state of equilibrium
3
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
SCORES MADE SIMPLE | TRUSTED TEST SOLUTIONS!
Quantitative observations Answer: Observations that can be measured
Number, length, mass, volume, etc
Qualitative observations Answer: Observations that cannot be measured
Color, shape, texture, etc
Hypothesis Answer: A testable proposition that scientists can use as the basis for an
investigation
If it cannot be tested scientifically, then it is not a hypothesis
Propose an explaination of observed natural phenomenon
Mathematical biology Answer: Rooted in multifaceted mathematical models inspired by
complex biological processes
Theoretical biology Answer: Develops and uses data from the mathematical models to
develop theoretical assessments of biological processes
What is the first law of thermodynamics state? Answer: That energy cannot be created
nor destroyed, it can only be transferred
How are scientific laws distinguished from facts? Answer: By their durability (or ability
to stay constant over time)
Facts are the observations themselves, they are never considered final proof
Scientific laws are a generalized description of natural phenomena over time based on
multiple observations
Cell theory Answer: States that all living things are made up of cells
Cells can only come from other cells
Robert Hooke used a microscope to identify, describe, and name cells
Germ theory Answer: Microorganisms, "germs", were found everywhere and
contributed to both food spoilage and disease
Work of Louis Pasteur
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
,Confirmed the cell theory that cells only come from other cells
What are the driving forces of evolution? Answer: Descent with modification and
natural selection
Work of Charles Darwin
Structure of genetic material: Answer: Hershey and Chase - initially confirmed that DNA
comprises the genetic material of cells
Watson and Crick - revealed that the structure of DNA is a double helix (based off the
work of Franklin)
Carl Linnaeus Answer: Developed the hierarchal system
Grouped species into seven levels (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and
species)
Carl Woese Answer: Modified Linnaeus' hierarchal system
Redrew the taxonomic tree, added "domain" to the top of the classification system
Precision Answer: Refers to how close repeated values are to one another
(On a target, all the holes are right next to each other)
Accuracy Answer: Refers to how close a measured value is to the true value
(On a target, all of the holes are within the same ring)
What are the seven SI units? Answer: Meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin,
candela, and mole
What are significant figures? Answer: The non zero numbers, the zeros between them,
and the final zero
Linear scale Answer: Shows equal values using equal divisions
Waves or mechanical motion
Logarithmic scale Answer: Nonlinear , units are written in powers of 10
Richter scale, entropy, and the decibel unit used to measure sound
Crucibles Answer: When heating things at very high temperatures, this is the best thing
to use because they are resistant to the high temperatures
What composes the nucleus of an atom? Answer: Protons - positively charged
Neutrons - neutrally charged
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Electrons Answer: Negatively charged particles within the electron cloud surrounding
the nucleus
Atomic number Answer: Refers to the number of protons in the nucleus
Mass number Answer: Refers to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Ionic bond Answer: Forms when one atom DONATES an electron to another atom
Cation Answer: Positively charged
Loses its electron - donates it
Anion Answer: Negatively charged
Gains an electron - accepts it
Covalent bond Answer: Stronger of the two main chemical bonds
Form when two atoms SHARE electrons
Organic molecules Answer: Molecule contains carbon and hydrogen atoms
Usually held together by covalent bonds
Inorganic molecules Answer: Usually contain a small number of atoms held together by
ionic bonds
Often contain metals and nonmetals
Dehydration synthesis Answer: When water is lost to form the bond
Proteins Answer: Built from amino acids
Carbohydrates Answer: Polymers made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules
Also known as sugars
Function is to store energy
Lipids Answer: Built from fatty acids and glycerol
Plays an important role in energy storage and structure of membranes
Nucleic acids Answer: Long chains of nucleotides
DNA and RNA
Second law of thermodynamics Answer: Governs the direction that energy flows or
changes
It flows through a system, or changes, until it reaches a state of equilibrium
3
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
