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Engineering Math: ODE Solution Methods & Laplace Transforms Guide

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Master engineering mathematics with this guide on solving ODEs. Covers homogeneous/non-homogeneous equations, undetermined coefficients, parameter variation, Cauchy-Euler equations, and Laplace transform applications.

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CÁC DẠNG BÀI TẬP CỦA LẦN KT THỨ 2

B1: 𝒕í𝒏𝒉 𝒆− ∫ 𝒑(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒆− ∫ 𝒑(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
B2: 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒚𝟏. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒚𝟏𝟐

Nghiệm yc = c1y1 + c2y2
Vd: 𝒙𝟐 𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒙𝒚′ + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒗ớ𝒊 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐
Đầu tiên chia 2 vế cho x2 để hệ số của y’’ là 1
3 4
=> 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦=0
𝑥 𝑥2
3 3
B1: P(x) = − => -∫ 𝒑(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟑𝒍𝒏𝒙
𝑥 𝑥
3
𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) = 𝑥 3
𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
B2: 𝑦2 = 𝑦1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦12

𝑥3 1
𝑦2 = 𝑥 2 ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

𝑉ậ𝑦 𝑦1 = 𝑥 2 ; 𝑦2 = 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑦1 + 𝑐2𝑦2 = 𝑐1𝑥 2 + 𝑐2𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥




Chú ý dạng 2 khác dạng 1: ở dạng 1 đi kèm với y’ là 1 hàm theo x còn dạng 2 là hệ
số.
Đưa về phương trình đặc trưng : 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑚2 ; 𝑦 ′ = 𝑚 ; 𝑦 𝑙à 1
𝑛ế𝑢 𝑐ó 𝑦 ′′′ 𝑡ℎì 𝑏ằ𝑛𝑔 𝑚3
𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚 𝑟𝑖ê𝑛𝑔 𝑐ủ𝑎 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑐ó 𝑑ạ𝑛𝑔 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙

, 𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚 𝑡ổ𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑢á𝑡 𝑐ủ𝑎 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ: yc = c1y1 + c2y2




Các trường hợp khi tìm ra nghiệm của m
Th1: 2 nghiệm phân biệt m1 ≠ 𝒎𝟐
=> y1 = em1x và y2 = em2x
=> yc = c1y1 + c2y2
Vd: nếu giải ra 2 giá trị của m là m=2 và m=4
=> y1 = 𝑒 2𝑥 y2= 𝑒 4𝑥
=> yc = c1e2x +c2e4x


Th2: giải ra m là nghiệm kép ( nghiệm bội 2 ) m1 = m2
y1 = em1x y2 = xy1
Nếu có 3 giá trị m bằng nhau m1 = m2 = m3
y1 = em1x y2 = xy1 y3 = xy2 = x2y1
Tương tự cho nghiệm bội 4, bội 5 …. (không có đâu yên tâm)
Vd: giải ra m1 = m2 = 5
=> y1= 𝑒 5𝑥 y2= 𝑥𝑒 5𝑥
Nếu m1 = m2 = m3 = 5
=> y1= 𝑒 5𝑥 y2= 𝑥𝑒 5𝑥 y3= 𝑥 2 𝑒 5𝑥


Th3: Nghiệm phức m1= 𝜶 + 𝒊𝜷
m2= 𝜶 − 𝒊𝜷
y1 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 cos(𝛽𝑥) và y2 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 sin(𝛽𝑥)

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