1
PORTAGE LEARNING A&P II: FINAL EXAM PRACTICE TEST
(2025/2026 UPDATED CURRICULUM)
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+ |
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II – COMPLETE FINAL
EXAMINATION PREPARATION
INTRODUCTION
This comprehensive practice test is designed for students completing Portage Learning Anatomy
and Physiology II (A&P II) for the 2025/2026 academic year. The A&P II final exam covers the
second half of the anatomy and physiology sequence, focusing on the structure and function of
the endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
systems.
Course Information:
Institution: Portage Learning
Course: Anatomy and Physiology II
Prerequisite: A&P I (successful completion)
Credit Hours: Typically 3-4 credits
Textbook: Standard A&P textbook (e.g., OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology, Marieb, or
equivalent)
Major Content Areas Covered:
Endocrine System: Hormone classification, mechanisms of action, major glands and their
hormones, feedback loops, endocrine disorders
Blood: Formed elements, hematopoiesis, blood typing, hemostasis, anemias
Cardiovascular System: Heart anatomy, cardiac cycle, conduction system, EKG, cardiac output,
blood vessels, capillary exchange, blood pressure regulation, circulation pathways
Lymphatic System and Immunity: Lymphatic vessels and organs, innate and adaptive immunity,
antibodies, immune responses, vaccines
, 2
Respiratory System: Upper and lower respiratory tract, pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, gas
transport, regulation of respiration, acid-base balance
Digestive System: Alimentary canal organs, accessory organs, mechanical and chemical
digestion, absorption, metabolism
Urinary System: Kidney anatomy, nephron structure, urine formation, GFR regulation, fluid and
electrolyte balance, acid-base regulation
Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive anatomy, gametogenesis, hormonal
regulation, menstrual cycle, fertilization, development, parturition
This examination reflects all 2025/2026 Portage Learning A&P II curriculum updates and is
verified for accuracy with current course materials and assessment standards. Each question
includes the correct answer and a detailed rationale to support exam readiness and mastery of
anatomy and physiology concepts.
Section 1: Endocrine System (Questions 1-25)
Q1: Which of the following correctly classifies hormones by their chemical structure?
A. Amino acid-based hormones: insulin, growth hormone, epinephrine; Steroid hormones:
cortisol, estrogen, testosterone
B. Amino acid-based hormones: cortisol, estrogen, testosterone; Steroid hormones: insulin,
growth hormone, epinephrine
C. Amino acid-based hormones are lipid-soluble; Steroid hormones are water-soluble
D. All hormones are lipid-soluble
[CORRECT] A. Amino acid-based hormones: insulin, growth hormone, epinephrine; Steroid
hormones: cortisol, estrogen, testosterone
Rationale:
Amino acid-based hormones include proteins, peptides, and amines such as insulin, growth
hormone, and epinephrine. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and include cortisol,
estrogen, and testosterone. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble; amino acid-based hormones are
generally water-soluble.
Q2: Steroid hormones exert their effects by:
A. Binding to membrane receptors and activating second messenger systems
B. Directly activating G proteins
, 3
C. Direct gene activation by crossing the cell membrane and binding to intracellular receptors
D. Opening ion channels
[CORRECT] C. Direct gene activation by crossing the cell membrane and binding to intracellular
receptors
Rationale:
Because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, they cross the cell membrane and bind to
intracellular receptors. The hormone-receptor complex then enters the nucleus and directly
influences gene transcription.
Q3: Which of the following hormones uses a second messenger system to exert its effects?
A. Cortisol
B. Testosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Aldosterone
[CORRECT] C. Epinephrine
Rationale:
Epinephrine is an amino acid-based hormone (catecholamine) that is water-soluble and cannot
cross the cell membrane. It binds to membrane receptors and activates a second messenger
system (typically cAMP) to produce its effects.
Q4: The anterior pituitary gland produces which of the following hormones? (Select all that
apply)
A. Growth hormone (GH)
B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
E. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
F. Prolactin (PRL)
G. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
H. Oxytocin
, 4
[CORRECT] A, B, C, D, E, F
Rationale:
The anterior pituitary produces GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin. ADH and oxytocin are
produced in the hypothalamus and stored/released from the posterior pituitary.
Q5: Which hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary,
where it acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption?
A. Oxytocin
B. Prolactin
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
[CORRECT] C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Rationale:
ADH (vasopressin) is synthesized in the hypothalamus, transported to the posterior pituitary,
and released into the bloodstream. Its primary function is to increase water reabsorption in the
kidneys, concentrating urine and maintaining blood pressure.
Q6: Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during
breastfeeding?
A. Prolactin
B. Oxytocin
C. Estrogen
D. Progesterone
[CORRECT] B. Oxytocin
Rationale:
Oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions during
labor (positive feedback) and milk ejection (let-down reflex) during breastfeeding.
Q7: The thyroid gland produces which of the following hormones? (Select all that apply)
A. Triiodothyronine (T3)
B. Thyroxine (T4)
PORTAGE LEARNING A&P II: FINAL EXAM PRACTICE TEST
(2025/2026 UPDATED CURRICULUM)
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+ |
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II – COMPLETE FINAL
EXAMINATION PREPARATION
INTRODUCTION
This comprehensive practice test is designed for students completing Portage Learning Anatomy
and Physiology II (A&P II) for the 2025/2026 academic year. The A&P II final exam covers the
second half of the anatomy and physiology sequence, focusing on the structure and function of
the endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
systems.
Course Information:
Institution: Portage Learning
Course: Anatomy and Physiology II
Prerequisite: A&P I (successful completion)
Credit Hours: Typically 3-4 credits
Textbook: Standard A&P textbook (e.g., OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology, Marieb, or
equivalent)
Major Content Areas Covered:
Endocrine System: Hormone classification, mechanisms of action, major glands and their
hormones, feedback loops, endocrine disorders
Blood: Formed elements, hematopoiesis, blood typing, hemostasis, anemias
Cardiovascular System: Heart anatomy, cardiac cycle, conduction system, EKG, cardiac output,
blood vessels, capillary exchange, blood pressure regulation, circulation pathways
Lymphatic System and Immunity: Lymphatic vessels and organs, innate and adaptive immunity,
antibodies, immune responses, vaccines
, 2
Respiratory System: Upper and lower respiratory tract, pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, gas
transport, regulation of respiration, acid-base balance
Digestive System: Alimentary canal organs, accessory organs, mechanical and chemical
digestion, absorption, metabolism
Urinary System: Kidney anatomy, nephron structure, urine formation, GFR regulation, fluid and
electrolyte balance, acid-base regulation
Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive anatomy, gametogenesis, hormonal
regulation, menstrual cycle, fertilization, development, parturition
This examination reflects all 2025/2026 Portage Learning A&P II curriculum updates and is
verified for accuracy with current course materials and assessment standards. Each question
includes the correct answer and a detailed rationale to support exam readiness and mastery of
anatomy and physiology concepts.
Section 1: Endocrine System (Questions 1-25)
Q1: Which of the following correctly classifies hormones by their chemical structure?
A. Amino acid-based hormones: insulin, growth hormone, epinephrine; Steroid hormones:
cortisol, estrogen, testosterone
B. Amino acid-based hormones: cortisol, estrogen, testosterone; Steroid hormones: insulin,
growth hormone, epinephrine
C. Amino acid-based hormones are lipid-soluble; Steroid hormones are water-soluble
D. All hormones are lipid-soluble
[CORRECT] A. Amino acid-based hormones: insulin, growth hormone, epinephrine; Steroid
hormones: cortisol, estrogen, testosterone
Rationale:
Amino acid-based hormones include proteins, peptides, and amines such as insulin, growth
hormone, and epinephrine. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and include cortisol,
estrogen, and testosterone. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble; amino acid-based hormones are
generally water-soluble.
Q2: Steroid hormones exert their effects by:
A. Binding to membrane receptors and activating second messenger systems
B. Directly activating G proteins
, 3
C. Direct gene activation by crossing the cell membrane and binding to intracellular receptors
D. Opening ion channels
[CORRECT] C. Direct gene activation by crossing the cell membrane and binding to intracellular
receptors
Rationale:
Because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, they cross the cell membrane and bind to
intracellular receptors. The hormone-receptor complex then enters the nucleus and directly
influences gene transcription.
Q3: Which of the following hormones uses a second messenger system to exert its effects?
A. Cortisol
B. Testosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Aldosterone
[CORRECT] C. Epinephrine
Rationale:
Epinephrine is an amino acid-based hormone (catecholamine) that is water-soluble and cannot
cross the cell membrane. It binds to membrane receptors and activates a second messenger
system (typically cAMP) to produce its effects.
Q4: The anterior pituitary gland produces which of the following hormones? (Select all that
apply)
A. Growth hormone (GH)
B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
E. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
F. Prolactin (PRL)
G. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
H. Oxytocin
, 4
[CORRECT] A, B, C, D, E, F
Rationale:
The anterior pituitary produces GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin. ADH and oxytocin are
produced in the hypothalamus and stored/released from the posterior pituitary.
Q5: Which hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary,
where it acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption?
A. Oxytocin
B. Prolactin
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
[CORRECT] C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Rationale:
ADH (vasopressin) is synthesized in the hypothalamus, transported to the posterior pituitary,
and released into the bloodstream. Its primary function is to increase water reabsorption in the
kidneys, concentrating urine and maintaining blood pressure.
Q6: Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during
breastfeeding?
A. Prolactin
B. Oxytocin
C. Estrogen
D. Progesterone
[CORRECT] B. Oxytocin
Rationale:
Oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions during
labor (positive feedback) and milk ejection (let-down reflex) during breastfeeding.
Q7: The thyroid gland produces which of the following hormones? (Select all that apply)
A. Triiodothyronine (T3)
B. Thyroxine (T4)
