calculating pH
·
an esricunt buffer =
11 pKa ·
Qsp :
con product constant
* (A/ 1 more H11 less 11 &
[A-] [OH']
&
+
Ksp
(PH
·
:
solubility product constant
[baale
↑ find excess OH
(B/ pica + log [Q/1 sp [Mr]2[X2]a3]
=
* 7 less H/7 more (-) =
(A) (findka(ka)
<" products
&
Butlers only coefficients
·
work w/ WEAK AlB log(ka)
- ·
higher Ksp , greater solubility
·
14-pkb
IHA y
3
adding SA increases [Hz0 + ] -xpH = pKa
·
a acidic
·
more , more soluble
& equilibrium [HA] [A] =
adding a SB increases [OH]
·
·
If an anson comes from a STRONG
when [OH] [Hz0 + ] :
ACID ,
no effect on solubility
·
addition of an acd/base done
through
is If an anion comes from a WEAK
Before
·
.
Equivalence Pt .
After Equivalence Pt .
ACID
a common lon , increases solubility
1) find initial mols of acid 1) find initial mols of acd * Ksp >
Strong Asid
·
Adding GSA no
precipitate
Adding Strong Base 2) find amt of added titrant 2) find amt of added titrant *
Ksp < Asp precipitate
A +
HzOTHA- +
H20 HA OH'-A- 3) make KE shart to find mols 3) make ICE shart to find mols
+ +
H20 complex long
of acid of base
remaining in excess
SA HzOt added added
·
is SB OH is
·
ad remain Kf 71
(Hz0 ] mols bare excess
·
4) + = mols 4) [OH] =
[HAJ ↑ (A-]t
total volume total volume
product favored
·
CHA-] ↓ [A-] Y
·
5)
pH =
-10y [Hz0 ]
+ 5) POH =
-log[OH] PH 14-pOH =
ex) (uFz/[Cu((N(472-
greater concentration
/greater capacity/greater
+
iCuF2 - (u2 + 2F-
resistance to change
i
(n2
+
+ Y(N -
complex
* ( + )AG NONSPON
Entropy (AS) ·
Gibbs Free Energy (16)
* When TIS low , look @DH * HHAH/1-AS UNFAVORABLE
* (-) AG SPONTAN
& AS (AH/C + IDS
#Goxn AGprod-Agreactants3
* when Tis *
increases w/ freedom of = high , look FAVORABLE
motion + microstates
- D6/AS are
op
· Imperature matters ·
When DG ( , product favored K31
imp ↓
[16 DH-TS]
-
-ump4 >
-
always inverse
reactant favored <
=
when of DH/AS are
·
when 16 (t)
is + 1 +
9 g + lis signs ,
iS(Soln) increase >
- Ssolute + Solvent decrease the same
AS4
SO2 * C + )DH ENPOTHERMIC
Coupling
> >
As ↓ Reactions
·
-
SS02 + H2 0)
>
- # of atoms ↑ > # of atoms to
-
* (-) AH EXOTHER MIC
> muss
- ↑ ·
the most spontaneous rxn
>
- mass ↓
# of mols 4 *
(t) AS MORE DISORDER drives the other
>
- > # of
- molst
-
-
* CAS LESS DISORDER ↳ couple uxns
-
↑
>
-
# of
S = KIn W intermediates
microstates & cancel
↳
- -
1 1 38 E
.
23 -
·
Reaction Direction ↳ sum of AG
entropy
3
#
# of mols is
·
K7Q/DG (-) proced RIGHT A As increases , K deciaus
more relevant than #
LEFT
of atoms
·
K<Q AG (+) proced A DG decreases , 1 increases
# Suxn ASprod-ASreaciants) = [AG -RTInK] :
,
tells us 121 (prod
17 I creact)
[A6 =
A6 +
RT inQ]
>
tells us which
way to SHIFT
·
an esricunt buffer =
11 pKa ·
Qsp :
con product constant
* (A/ 1 more H11 less 11 &
[A-] [OH']
&
+
Ksp
(PH
·
:
solubility product constant
[baale
↑ find excess OH
(B/ pica + log [Q/1 sp [Mr]2[X2]a3]
=
* 7 less H/7 more (-) =
(A) (findka(ka)
<" products
&
Butlers only coefficients
·
work w/ WEAK AlB log(ka)
- ·
higher Ksp , greater solubility
·
14-pkb
IHA y
3
adding SA increases [Hz0 + ] -xpH = pKa
·
a acidic
·
more , more soluble
& equilibrium [HA] [A] =
adding a SB increases [OH]
·
·
If an anson comes from a STRONG
when [OH] [Hz0 + ] :
ACID ,
no effect on solubility
·
addition of an acd/base done
through
is If an anion comes from a WEAK
Before
·
.
Equivalence Pt .
After Equivalence Pt .
ACID
a common lon , increases solubility
1) find initial mols of acid 1) find initial mols of acd * Ksp >
Strong Asid
·
Adding GSA no
precipitate
Adding Strong Base 2) find amt of added titrant 2) find amt of added titrant *
Ksp < Asp precipitate
A +
HzOTHA- +
H20 HA OH'-A- 3) make KE shart to find mols 3) make ICE shart to find mols
+ +
H20 complex long
of acid of base
remaining in excess
SA HzOt added added
·
is SB OH is
·
ad remain Kf 71
(Hz0 ] mols bare excess
·
4) + = mols 4) [OH] =
[HAJ ↑ (A-]t
total volume total volume
product favored
·
CHA-] ↓ [A-] Y
·
5)
pH =
-10y [Hz0 ]
+ 5) POH =
-log[OH] PH 14-pOH =
ex) (uFz/[Cu((N(472-
greater concentration
/greater capacity/greater
+
iCuF2 - (u2 + 2F-
resistance to change
i
(n2
+
+ Y(N -
complex
* ( + )AG NONSPON
Entropy (AS) ·
Gibbs Free Energy (16)
* When TIS low , look @DH * HHAH/1-AS UNFAVORABLE
* (-) AG SPONTAN
& AS (AH/C + IDS
#Goxn AGprod-Agreactants3
* when Tis *
increases w/ freedom of = high , look FAVORABLE
motion + microstates
- D6/AS are
op
· Imperature matters ·
When DG ( , product favored K31
imp ↓
[16 DH-TS]
-
-ump4 >
-
always inverse
reactant favored <
=
when of DH/AS are
·
when 16 (t)
is + 1 +
9 g + lis signs ,
iS(Soln) increase >
- Ssolute + Solvent decrease the same
AS4
SO2 * C + )DH ENPOTHERMIC
Coupling
> >
As ↓ Reactions
·
-
SS02 + H2 0)
>
- # of atoms ↑ > # of atoms to
-
* (-) AH EXOTHER MIC
> muss
- ↑ ·
the most spontaneous rxn
>
- mass ↓
# of mols 4 *
(t) AS MORE DISORDER drives the other
>
- > # of
- molst
-
-
* CAS LESS DISORDER ↳ couple uxns
-
↑
>
-
# of
S = KIn W intermediates
microstates & cancel
↳
- -
1 1 38 E
.
23 -
·
Reaction Direction ↳ sum of AG
entropy
3
#
# of mols is
·
K7Q/DG (-) proced RIGHT A As increases , K deciaus
more relevant than #
LEFT
of atoms
·
K<Q AG (+) proced A DG decreases , 1 increases
# Suxn ASprod-ASreaciants) = [AG -RTInK] :
,
tells us 121 (prod
17 I creact)
[A6 =
A6 +
RT inQ]
>
tells us which
way to SHIFT
