BPK 105 MIDTERM VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Anatomy - Answers - -investigates the structure of the body
-relationship between the structure of a body part and it's function
-can be systemic or regional
Physiology - Answers - -deals with the process or functions of living things
Goals:
(1) to understand and foreshadow the body's natural responses to changes
(2) understand how the body controls and maintains their conditions
Organ Systems - Answers - -group of organs that is classified as a unit due to their
similar function
-Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, and
Urinary Systems
6 Characteristics of Life - Answers - 1) Organization
2) Metabolism
3) Responsiveness
4) Growth
5) Development
6) Reproduction
Homeostasis - Answers - Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant
environment within the body despite fluctuations in the external/internal environment;
includes temperature, volume and chemical content
Negative Feedback - Answers - Deviation from the set point is made smaller or is
resisted; maintains variation within a normal range without preventing it.
Maintains homeostasis
Three Components:
-Receptor
-Control Centre
-Effector
,Ionic Bonds - Answers - Transfer of electrons between atoms; creates oppositely
charged ions
Polar Covalent Bonds - Answers - Electrons are unequally shared between two atoms;
results in a slightly positive charge on one side of the molecule and a slightly negative
charge on the other side
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds - Answers - Equal sharing of electrons between two atoms;
has an even distribution of charges among the molecule
Hydrogen Bonds - Answers - Positive end of a polar molecule is attracted to the
negative end of another polar molecule, and vice versa; not a chemical bond and is
weaker than ionic/covalent bonds
Compound - Answers - Substance resulting from the chemical combination of 2+
different types of atoms
Dissociation - Answers - -Process of ionic compounds dissolving in water causing their
ions to separate from each other
-Positively charged ions are attracted to the negative ends of the water molecule and
vice versa
-Dissociated ions are called electrolytes
Synthesis - Answers - -Anabolism
-Two or more reactants combine to form a larger and more complex product
Decomposition - Answers - -Catabolism
-Reactants are broken down into smaller, and less complex products
Exchange reactions - Answers - -Reactants are decomposed then resynthesized with its
counterparts
Factors That Affect the Rate of Chemical Rxn - Answers - 1. Reactants
2. Concentration
3. Temperature
4. Catalysts
pH Scale - Answers - Indicates the H+ concentration of a solution
Acidity - Answers - Greater concentration of H+ greater than OH-, has a pH less than
7.0
,Basic/Alkaline - Answers - Concentration of OH- greater than H+, has a pH greater than
7.0
Buffer - Answers - A chemical used to resist the changes in pH when an acid or a base
is added to a solution that has the buffer in it; binds to the H+/OH- preventing the ions
from causing a shift in the pH
Reversible Reaction - Answers - A chemical reaction that can proceed from reactants to
products and from products to reactants
Equilibrium - Answers - The state in which a chemical reaction's rate of product
formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation
4 Properties of H2O - Answers - 1) Stabilizing Body Temperature
2) Protection
3) Facilitating Chemical Reactions
4) Transporting Substances
Carbohydrates - Answers - -Consist of monosaccharides
-Can be stored and broken down and used as an energy source
-2:1 ratio of H to O for each C atom
Monosaccharides - Answers - Building block of carbs; forms longer chains of carbs
Disaccharides - Answers - -2 sugars
- 2 monosaccharides are joined by a covalent bond
Polysaccharides - Answers - -Many monosaccharides bound in long chains
-Glycogen, cellulose
Lipids - Answers - -Consists of glycerol and fatty acids; hydroxyl and carboxyl groups
-Only dissolves in nonpolar solvents
-Organic; composes of phosphorus and nitrogen
-Stores energy
, Triglycerides - Answers - Most common type of fat molecule
Saturated Fatty Acids - Answers - Contains only single covalent bonds between carbon
atoms
Unsaturated Fatty Acids - Answers - Has 1+ double covalent bonds
-Monosaturated
-Polyunsaturated
Trans Fatty Acids - Answers - Unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered by the
addition of H atoms
Phospholipids - Answers - -Component of cell structure and membrane
-Hounded to a phosphorus containing molecule instead of glycerol
-Has a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end
Eicosanoids - Answers - regulatory molecules
Denaturation - Answers - Broken hydrogen bonds in the protein; cannot maintain shape
Enzymes - Answers - Protein catalyst; increases the rate of chemical rxn by lowering
the activation energy
lock-and-key model - Answers - Can quickly join amino acids to synthesis a protein;
after the reaction is finished the enzyme is released and can be used again.
Facts that Affect Rate of Chemical Rxn - Answers - 1) Different reactants have different
abilities
2) greater the concentration of the reactant, the greater the rate
3) Environmental temperature effects molecular motion
Nucleic Acids - Answers - -Has phosphorus and nitrogen
-Transferred from one generation of cells to the next
-Are made up from a series of nucleotides; is an organic molecule
-Has hydrogen bonds
Proteins - Answers - -Has oxygen and sulfur
Anatomy - Answers - -investigates the structure of the body
-relationship between the structure of a body part and it's function
-can be systemic or regional
Physiology - Answers - -deals with the process or functions of living things
Goals:
(1) to understand and foreshadow the body's natural responses to changes
(2) understand how the body controls and maintains their conditions
Organ Systems - Answers - -group of organs that is classified as a unit due to their
similar function
-Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, and
Urinary Systems
6 Characteristics of Life - Answers - 1) Organization
2) Metabolism
3) Responsiveness
4) Growth
5) Development
6) Reproduction
Homeostasis - Answers - Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant
environment within the body despite fluctuations in the external/internal environment;
includes temperature, volume and chemical content
Negative Feedback - Answers - Deviation from the set point is made smaller or is
resisted; maintains variation within a normal range without preventing it.
Maintains homeostasis
Three Components:
-Receptor
-Control Centre
-Effector
,Ionic Bonds - Answers - Transfer of electrons between atoms; creates oppositely
charged ions
Polar Covalent Bonds - Answers - Electrons are unequally shared between two atoms;
results in a slightly positive charge on one side of the molecule and a slightly negative
charge on the other side
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds - Answers - Equal sharing of electrons between two atoms;
has an even distribution of charges among the molecule
Hydrogen Bonds - Answers - Positive end of a polar molecule is attracted to the
negative end of another polar molecule, and vice versa; not a chemical bond and is
weaker than ionic/covalent bonds
Compound - Answers - Substance resulting from the chemical combination of 2+
different types of atoms
Dissociation - Answers - -Process of ionic compounds dissolving in water causing their
ions to separate from each other
-Positively charged ions are attracted to the negative ends of the water molecule and
vice versa
-Dissociated ions are called electrolytes
Synthesis - Answers - -Anabolism
-Two or more reactants combine to form a larger and more complex product
Decomposition - Answers - -Catabolism
-Reactants are broken down into smaller, and less complex products
Exchange reactions - Answers - -Reactants are decomposed then resynthesized with its
counterparts
Factors That Affect the Rate of Chemical Rxn - Answers - 1. Reactants
2. Concentration
3. Temperature
4. Catalysts
pH Scale - Answers - Indicates the H+ concentration of a solution
Acidity - Answers - Greater concentration of H+ greater than OH-, has a pH less than
7.0
,Basic/Alkaline - Answers - Concentration of OH- greater than H+, has a pH greater than
7.0
Buffer - Answers - A chemical used to resist the changes in pH when an acid or a base
is added to a solution that has the buffer in it; binds to the H+/OH- preventing the ions
from causing a shift in the pH
Reversible Reaction - Answers - A chemical reaction that can proceed from reactants to
products and from products to reactants
Equilibrium - Answers - The state in which a chemical reaction's rate of product
formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation
4 Properties of H2O - Answers - 1) Stabilizing Body Temperature
2) Protection
3) Facilitating Chemical Reactions
4) Transporting Substances
Carbohydrates - Answers - -Consist of monosaccharides
-Can be stored and broken down and used as an energy source
-2:1 ratio of H to O for each C atom
Monosaccharides - Answers - Building block of carbs; forms longer chains of carbs
Disaccharides - Answers - -2 sugars
- 2 monosaccharides are joined by a covalent bond
Polysaccharides - Answers - -Many monosaccharides bound in long chains
-Glycogen, cellulose
Lipids - Answers - -Consists of glycerol and fatty acids; hydroxyl and carboxyl groups
-Only dissolves in nonpolar solvents
-Organic; composes of phosphorus and nitrogen
-Stores energy
, Triglycerides - Answers - Most common type of fat molecule
Saturated Fatty Acids - Answers - Contains only single covalent bonds between carbon
atoms
Unsaturated Fatty Acids - Answers - Has 1+ double covalent bonds
-Monosaturated
-Polyunsaturated
Trans Fatty Acids - Answers - Unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered by the
addition of H atoms
Phospholipids - Answers - -Component of cell structure and membrane
-Hounded to a phosphorus containing molecule instead of glycerol
-Has a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end
Eicosanoids - Answers - regulatory molecules
Denaturation - Answers - Broken hydrogen bonds in the protein; cannot maintain shape
Enzymes - Answers - Protein catalyst; increases the rate of chemical rxn by lowering
the activation energy
lock-and-key model - Answers - Can quickly join amino acids to synthesis a protein;
after the reaction is finished the enzyme is released and can be used again.
Facts that Affect Rate of Chemical Rxn - Answers - 1) Different reactants have different
abilities
2) greater the concentration of the reactant, the greater the rate
3) Environmental temperature effects molecular motion
Nucleic Acids - Answers - -Has phosphorus and nitrogen
-Transferred from one generation of cells to the next
-Are made up from a series of nucleotides; is an organic molecule
-Has hydrogen bonds
Proteins - Answers - -Has oxygen and sulfur
