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APC3702 Assignment 2
(COMPLETE ANSWERS)
Semester 1 2026 - DUE 9
April 2026
NO PLAGIARISM
[Pick the date]
[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of
the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of
the contents of the document.]
,Exam (elaborations)
APC3702 Assignment 2 (COMPLETE
ANSWERS) Semester 1 2026 - DUE 9 April
2026
APC3702 Assignment 2 (COMPLETE ANSWERS) Semester 1 2026 - DUE 9
April 2026; 100% TRUSTED Complete, trusted solutions and explanations.
Ensure your success with us.
1. Analyse Kenya’s transformation from a single party to a multi-party state.
In your answer you should address the internal and external factors that
impacted on the development of a multi-party state since the 1990s. [50]
The transformation of Kenya from a single-party to a multi-party state in the early 1990s
represents one of the most significant shifts in the nation's political history. This transition was
not a sudden event but the result of a protracted struggle against the consolidation of power by
the Kenya African National Union (KANU) under Presidents Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel arap
Moi.
By 1982, Section 2A had been inserted into the Constitution, officially making Kenya a de jure
one-party state. The move back to pluralism in 1991 was driven by a powerful synergy of
domestic unrest and a changing global geopolitical landscape.
1. Internal Factors: The Domestic Push for Reform
The internal pressure for multi-partyism was fueled by growing dissatisfaction with
authoritarianism, economic decline, and human rights abuses.
The Rise of Civil Society and the Clergy
In the absence of formal opposition parties, the "second liberation" was spearheaded by non-state
actors.
The Clergy: Leaders like Reverend Timothy Njoya, Bishop Alexander Muge, and
Bishop Henry Okullu used the pulpit to demand political accountability. Njoya’s 1990
New Year’s sermon, in which he argued that the one-party system was no longer viable,
is often cited as a pivotal moment.
Civil Society: Professional bodies, particularly the Law Society of Kenya (LSK), and
various NGOs provided the intellectual and legal framework for the repeal of Section 2A.
The Saba Saba Protest (July 7, 1990)
, This was a defining moment of mass mobilization. Pro-democracy activists, including Kenneth
Matiba and Charles Rubia, called for a public rally at Kamukunji Grounds to demand multi-
party elections. Despite the arrest of the leaders and a brutal police crackdown, the "Saba Saba"
riots signaled to the Moi regime that the desire for change had reached a boiling point among the
wananchi (ordinary citizens).
Political Scandals and Human Rights Abuses
The Mlolongo System: The 1988 "queuing" (mlolongo) voting system, which led to
widespread and blatant election rigging, deeply alienated the public.
Assassinations: The 1990 murder of Foreign Affairs Minister Robert Ouko created a
national crisis of confidence, as many suspected high-ranking government involvement.
This catalyzed anti-government sentiment across ethnic and regional lines.
Formation of FORD
The Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD) was founded in 1991 as a broad-based
pressure group. By uniting diverse political figures like Jaramogi Oginga Odinga and Masinde
Muliro, FORD presented a unified front that the state could no longer dismiss as a fringe
movement.
2. External Factors: The Global Shift
Kenya did not exist in a vacuum; the end of the Cold War fundamentally changed how Western
powers engaged with African "strongmen."
The End of the Cold War
During the Cold War, the West tolerated Moi’s authoritarianism because Kenya was a strategic
capitalist bulwark against communism in East Africa. With the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)
and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the "communist threat" vanished. Western nations shifted
their foreign policy focus toward promoting "good governance," human rights, and democracy.
International Aid Conditionality
In November 1991, at a meeting in Paris, Kenya’s bilateral and multilateral donors (led by the
World Bank and IMF) made a landmark decision: they suspended $350 million in quick-
disbursing aid.
The resumption of aid was tied directly to political reforms, specifically the legalization
of opposition parties and the cleaning up of corruption.
Given Kenya’s crumbling economy, the Moi government had no choice but to capitulate
to these demands to avoid total bankruptcy.
APC3702 Assignment 2
(COMPLETE ANSWERS)
Semester 1 2026 - DUE 9
April 2026
NO PLAGIARISM
[Pick the date]
[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of
the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of
the contents of the document.]
,Exam (elaborations)
APC3702 Assignment 2 (COMPLETE
ANSWERS) Semester 1 2026 - DUE 9 April
2026
APC3702 Assignment 2 (COMPLETE ANSWERS) Semester 1 2026 - DUE 9
April 2026; 100% TRUSTED Complete, trusted solutions and explanations.
Ensure your success with us.
1. Analyse Kenya’s transformation from a single party to a multi-party state.
In your answer you should address the internal and external factors that
impacted on the development of a multi-party state since the 1990s. [50]
The transformation of Kenya from a single-party to a multi-party state in the early 1990s
represents one of the most significant shifts in the nation's political history. This transition was
not a sudden event but the result of a protracted struggle against the consolidation of power by
the Kenya African National Union (KANU) under Presidents Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel arap
Moi.
By 1982, Section 2A had been inserted into the Constitution, officially making Kenya a de jure
one-party state. The move back to pluralism in 1991 was driven by a powerful synergy of
domestic unrest and a changing global geopolitical landscape.
1. Internal Factors: The Domestic Push for Reform
The internal pressure for multi-partyism was fueled by growing dissatisfaction with
authoritarianism, economic decline, and human rights abuses.
The Rise of Civil Society and the Clergy
In the absence of formal opposition parties, the "second liberation" was spearheaded by non-state
actors.
The Clergy: Leaders like Reverend Timothy Njoya, Bishop Alexander Muge, and
Bishop Henry Okullu used the pulpit to demand political accountability. Njoya’s 1990
New Year’s sermon, in which he argued that the one-party system was no longer viable,
is often cited as a pivotal moment.
Civil Society: Professional bodies, particularly the Law Society of Kenya (LSK), and
various NGOs provided the intellectual and legal framework for the repeal of Section 2A.
The Saba Saba Protest (July 7, 1990)
, This was a defining moment of mass mobilization. Pro-democracy activists, including Kenneth
Matiba and Charles Rubia, called for a public rally at Kamukunji Grounds to demand multi-
party elections. Despite the arrest of the leaders and a brutal police crackdown, the "Saba Saba"
riots signaled to the Moi regime that the desire for change had reached a boiling point among the
wananchi (ordinary citizens).
Political Scandals and Human Rights Abuses
The Mlolongo System: The 1988 "queuing" (mlolongo) voting system, which led to
widespread and blatant election rigging, deeply alienated the public.
Assassinations: The 1990 murder of Foreign Affairs Minister Robert Ouko created a
national crisis of confidence, as many suspected high-ranking government involvement.
This catalyzed anti-government sentiment across ethnic and regional lines.
Formation of FORD
The Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD) was founded in 1991 as a broad-based
pressure group. By uniting diverse political figures like Jaramogi Oginga Odinga and Masinde
Muliro, FORD presented a unified front that the state could no longer dismiss as a fringe
movement.
2. External Factors: The Global Shift
Kenya did not exist in a vacuum; the end of the Cold War fundamentally changed how Western
powers engaged with African "strongmen."
The End of the Cold War
During the Cold War, the West tolerated Moi’s authoritarianism because Kenya was a strategic
capitalist bulwark against communism in East Africa. With the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)
and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the "communist threat" vanished. Western nations shifted
their foreign policy focus toward promoting "good governance," human rights, and democracy.
International Aid Conditionality
In November 1991, at a meeting in Paris, Kenya’s bilateral and multilateral donors (led by the
World Bank and IMF) made a landmark decision: they suspended $350 million in quick-
disbursing aid.
The resumption of aid was tied directly to political reforms, specifically the legalization
of opposition parties and the cleaning up of corruption.
Given Kenya’s crumbling economy, the Moi government had no choice but to capitulate
to these demands to avoid total bankruptcy.
