Immunology & Serology (Questions)
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1. *From the following, identify a *D. Immunoglobulin is a speci c part of the
speci c component of the adap- adaptive immune system and is formed
tive immune system that is only in response to a speci c antigenic
formed in response to antigenic stimulation. Complement, lysozyme, and
stimulation: commensal organisms all act nonspeci -
A. Lysozyme cally as a part of the adaptive immune
B. Complement system. These three components do not
C. Commensal organisms require any type of speci c antigenic stim-
D. Immunoglobulin ulation.
2. *Which two organs are con- *B. The bone marrow and thymus are
sidered the primary lymphoid considered primary lymphoid organs be-
organs in which immunocom- cause immunocompetent cells either orig-
petent cells originate and ma- inate or mature in them. Some immuno-
ture? competent cells mature or reside in the
A. Thyroid and Peyer's patches bone marrow (the source of all hematopoi-
B. Thymus and bone marrow etic cells) until transported to the thymus,
C. Spleen and mucosal-associ- spleen, or Peyer's patches, where they
ated lymphoid tissue (MALT) process antigen or manufacture antibody.
D. Lymph nodes and thoracic T lymphocytes, after originating in the
duct bone marrow, travel to the thymus to ma-
ture and di erentiate.
3. *What type of B cells are formed *A. Mature B cells exhibit surface im-
after antigen stimulation? munoglobulin that may cross link a foreign
A. Plasma cells and memory B antigen, thus forming the activated B cell
cells and leading to capping and internalization
B. Mature B cells of antigen. The activated B cell gives rise
C. Antigen-dependent B cells to plasma cells that produce and secrete
*A Mature B cells exhibit sur- immunoglobulins and memory cells that
face immunoglobulin that may reside in lymphoid organs.
cross link a foreign antigen,
thus forming the activated B
cell and leading to capping and
internalization of antigen. The
activated B cell gives rise to
plasma cells that produce and
secrete immunoglobulins and
memory cells that reside in lym-
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phoid organs.D. Receptor-acti-
vated B cells
4. *T cells travel from the bone *B. Immature T cells travel from the bone
marrow to the thymus for matu- marrow to the thymus to mature into
ration. What is the correct order functional T cells. Once in the thymus,
of the maturation sequence for T cells undergo a selection and matu-
T cells in the thymus? ration sequence that begins in the cor-
A. Bone marrow to the cor- tex and moves to the medulla of the thy-
tex; after thymic education, re- mus. Thymic factors such as thymosin and
leased back to peripheral circu- thymopoietin and cells within the thymus
lation such as macrophages and dendritic cells
B. Maturation and selection oc- assist in this sequence. After completion
cur in the cortex; migration to of the maturation cycle, T cells are re-
the medulla; release of mature leased to secondary lymphoid organs to
T cells to secondary lymphoid await antigen recognition and activation.
organs
C. Storage in either the cortex
or medulla; release of T cells
into the peripheral circulation
D. Activation and selection oc-
cur in the medulla; mature T
cells are stored in the cortex un-
til activated by antigen
5. *Which cluster of di erentiation *B. The CD2 marker appears during the
(CD) marker appears during the rst stage of T-cell development and can
rst stage of T-cell development be used to di erentiate T cells from oth-
and remains present as an iden- er lymphocytes. This T-lymphocyte recep-
tifying marker for T cells? tor binds sheep red blood cells (RBCs).
A. CD1 This peculiar characteristic was the basis
B. CD2 for the classic E rosette test once used
C. CD3 to enumerate T cells in peripheral blood.
D. CD4 or CD8 CD2 is not speci c for T cells, however, and
is also found on large granular lympho-
cytes (LGL or natural killer [NK] cells).
6. *Which markers are found on
mature, peripheral helper T
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cells? A. CD1, CD2, CD4 *D. Mature, peripheral helper T cells have
B. CD2, CD3, CD8 the CD2 (E rosette), CD3 (mature T cell),
C. CD1, CD3, CD4 and CD4 (helper) markers.
D. CD2, CD3, CD4
7. *Which T cell expresses the *C. T cytotoxic cells recognize antigen in
CD8 marker and acts speci cally association with major histocompatibility
to kill tumors or virally infected complex (MHC) class I complexes and act
cells? against target cells that express foreign
A. Helper T antigens. These include viral antigens and
B. T suppressor the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) that
C. T cytotoxic are the target of graft rejection
D. T inducer/suppressor
8. *How are cytotoxic T cells (TC *B. Both TC and NK cells are e ective
cells) and natural killer (NK) against virally infected cells, and neither
cells similar? requires antibody to be present to bind to
A. Require antibody to be pre- infected cells. NK cells do not exhibit MHC
sent B. E ective against virally class restriction, whereas activation of TC
infected cells cells requires the presence of MHC class
C. Recognize antigen in associ- I molecules in association with the viral
ation with HLA class II markers antigen.
D. Do not bind to infected cells
9. *What is the name of the *C. Chemotaxis is the process by which
process by which phagocytic phagocytic cells are attracted toward an
cells are attracted to a sub- area where they detect a disturbance
stance such as a bacterial pep- in the normal functions of body tissues.
tide? Products from bacteria and viruses, com-
A. Diapedesis plement components, coagulation pro-
B. Degranulation teins, and cytokines from other immune
C. Chemotaxis cells may all act as chemotactic factors.
D. Phagotaxis
10. *All of the following are im- *A. Complement components are serum
munologic functions of com- proteins that function in opsonization,
plement except: chemotaxis, and anaphylatoxin formation
A. Induction of an antiviral state but do not induce an antiviral state in tar-
B. Opsonization get cells. This function is performed by
4/6/2026
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C. Chemotaxis
D. Anaphylatoxin formation
11. *Which complement compo- *D. C3 is found in both the classic and
nent is found in both the classic alternative (alternate) pathways of the
and alternative pathways? complement system. In the classic path-
A. C1 way, C3b forms a complex on the cell
B. C4 with C4b2a that enzymatically cleaves C5.
C. Factor D In the alternative pathway, C3b binds to
D. C3 an activator on the cell surface. It forms
a complex with factor B called C3bBb
which, like C4b2a3b, can split C5.
12. *Which immunoglobulin(s) *C. Both IgG and IgM are the immunoglob-
help(s) initiate the classic com- ulins that help to initiate the activation of
plement pathway? the classic complement pathway. IgM is a
A. IgA and IgD more potent complement activator, how-
B. IgM only ever.
C. IgG and IgM
D. IgG only
13. *How is complement activity *A. Complement activity in serum in vit-
destroyed in vitro? ro is destroyed by heating the serum at
A. Heating serum at 56°C for 30 56°C for 30 min. In test procedures where
min complement may interfere with the test
B. Keeping serum at room tem- system, it may be necessary to destroy
perature of 22°C for 1 hour complement activity in the test sample by
C. Heating serum at 37°C for 45 heat inactivation.
min
D. Freezing serum at 0°C for 24
hours
14. *What is the purpose of C3a, *B. C3a, C4a, and C5a are split products
C4a, and C5a, the split products of the complement cascade that partici-
of the complement cascade? pate in various biological functions such
A. To bind with speci c mem- as vasodilation and smooth muscle con-
brane receptors of lympho- traction. These small peptides act as ana-
cytes and cause release of cy- phylatoxins, e.g., e ector molecules that
totoxic substances participate in the in ammatory response to
B. To cause increased vascu- 2026-04-06
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1. *From the following, identify a *D. Immunoglobulin is a speci c part of the
speci c component of the adap- adaptive immune system and is formed
tive immune system that is only in response to a speci c antigenic
formed in response to antigenic stimulation. Complement, lysozyme, and
stimulation: commensal organisms all act nonspeci -
A. Lysozyme cally as a part of the adaptive immune
B. Complement system. These three components do not
C. Commensal organisms require any type of speci c antigenic stim-
D. Immunoglobulin ulation.
2. *Which two organs are con- *B. The bone marrow and thymus are
sidered the primary lymphoid considered primary lymphoid organs be-
organs in which immunocom- cause immunocompetent cells either orig-
petent cells originate and ma- inate or mature in them. Some immuno-
ture? competent cells mature or reside in the
A. Thyroid and Peyer's patches bone marrow (the source of all hematopoi-
B. Thymus and bone marrow etic cells) until transported to the thymus,
C. Spleen and mucosal-associ- spleen, or Peyer's patches, where they
ated lymphoid tissue (MALT) process antigen or manufacture antibody.
D. Lymph nodes and thoracic T lymphocytes, after originating in the
duct bone marrow, travel to the thymus to ma-
ture and di erentiate.
3. *What type of B cells are formed *A. Mature B cells exhibit surface im-
after antigen stimulation? munoglobulin that may cross link a foreign
A. Plasma cells and memory B antigen, thus forming the activated B cell
cells and leading to capping and internalization
B. Mature B cells of antigen. The activated B cell gives rise
C. Antigen-dependent B cells to plasma cells that produce and secrete
*A Mature B cells exhibit sur- immunoglobulins and memory cells that
face immunoglobulin that may reside in lymphoid organs.
cross link a foreign antigen,
thus forming the activated B
cell and leading to capping and
internalization of antigen. The
activated B cell gives rise to
plasma cells that produce and
secrete immunoglobulins and
memory cells that reside in lym-
4/6/2026 2026-04-06 2026/04/06
, Immunology & Serology (Questions)
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phoid organs.D. Receptor-acti-
vated B cells
4. *T cells travel from the bone *B. Immature T cells travel from the bone
marrow to the thymus for matu- marrow to the thymus to mature into
ration. What is the correct order functional T cells. Once in the thymus,
of the maturation sequence for T cells undergo a selection and matu-
T cells in the thymus? ration sequence that begins in the cor-
A. Bone marrow to the cor- tex and moves to the medulla of the thy-
tex; after thymic education, re- mus. Thymic factors such as thymosin and
leased back to peripheral circu- thymopoietin and cells within the thymus
lation such as macrophages and dendritic cells
B. Maturation and selection oc- assist in this sequence. After completion
cur in the cortex; migration to of the maturation cycle, T cells are re-
the medulla; release of mature leased to secondary lymphoid organs to
T cells to secondary lymphoid await antigen recognition and activation.
organs
C. Storage in either the cortex
or medulla; release of T cells
into the peripheral circulation
D. Activation and selection oc-
cur in the medulla; mature T
cells are stored in the cortex un-
til activated by antigen
5. *Which cluster of di erentiation *B. The CD2 marker appears during the
(CD) marker appears during the rst stage of T-cell development and can
rst stage of T-cell development be used to di erentiate T cells from oth-
and remains present as an iden- er lymphocytes. This T-lymphocyte recep-
tifying marker for T cells? tor binds sheep red blood cells (RBCs).
A. CD1 This peculiar characteristic was the basis
B. CD2 for the classic E rosette test once used
C. CD3 to enumerate T cells in peripheral blood.
D. CD4 or CD8 CD2 is not speci c for T cells, however, and
is also found on large granular lympho-
cytes (LGL or natural killer [NK] cells).
6. *Which markers are found on
mature, peripheral helper T
4/6/2026 2026-04-06 2026/04/06
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cells? A. CD1, CD2, CD4 *D. Mature, peripheral helper T cells have
B. CD2, CD3, CD8 the CD2 (E rosette), CD3 (mature T cell),
C. CD1, CD3, CD4 and CD4 (helper) markers.
D. CD2, CD3, CD4
7. *Which T cell expresses the *C. T cytotoxic cells recognize antigen in
CD8 marker and acts speci cally association with major histocompatibility
to kill tumors or virally infected complex (MHC) class I complexes and act
cells? against target cells that express foreign
A. Helper T antigens. These include viral antigens and
B. T suppressor the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) that
C. T cytotoxic are the target of graft rejection
D. T inducer/suppressor
8. *How are cytotoxic T cells (TC *B. Both TC and NK cells are e ective
cells) and natural killer (NK) against virally infected cells, and neither
cells similar? requires antibody to be present to bind to
A. Require antibody to be pre- infected cells. NK cells do not exhibit MHC
sent B. E ective against virally class restriction, whereas activation of TC
infected cells cells requires the presence of MHC class
C. Recognize antigen in associ- I molecules in association with the viral
ation with HLA class II markers antigen.
D. Do not bind to infected cells
9. *What is the name of the *C. Chemotaxis is the process by which
process by which phagocytic phagocytic cells are attracted toward an
cells are attracted to a sub- area where they detect a disturbance
stance such as a bacterial pep- in the normal functions of body tissues.
tide? Products from bacteria and viruses, com-
A. Diapedesis plement components, coagulation pro-
B. Degranulation teins, and cytokines from other immune
C. Chemotaxis cells may all act as chemotactic factors.
D. Phagotaxis
10. *All of the following are im- *A. Complement components are serum
munologic functions of com- proteins that function in opsonization,
plement except: chemotaxis, and anaphylatoxin formation
A. Induction of an antiviral state but do not induce an antiviral state in tar-
B. Opsonization get cells. This function is performed by
4/6/2026
interferons
2026-04-06 2026/04/06
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C. Chemotaxis
D. Anaphylatoxin formation
11. *Which complement compo- *D. C3 is found in both the classic and
nent is found in both the classic alternative (alternate) pathways of the
and alternative pathways? complement system. In the classic path-
A. C1 way, C3b forms a complex on the cell
B. C4 with C4b2a that enzymatically cleaves C5.
C. Factor D In the alternative pathway, C3b binds to
D. C3 an activator on the cell surface. It forms
a complex with factor B called C3bBb
which, like C4b2a3b, can split C5.
12. *Which immunoglobulin(s) *C. Both IgG and IgM are the immunoglob-
help(s) initiate the classic com- ulins that help to initiate the activation of
plement pathway? the classic complement pathway. IgM is a
A. IgA and IgD more potent complement activator, how-
B. IgM only ever.
C. IgG and IgM
D. IgG only
13. *How is complement activity *A. Complement activity in serum in vit-
destroyed in vitro? ro is destroyed by heating the serum at
A. Heating serum at 56°C for 30 56°C for 30 min. In test procedures where
min complement may interfere with the test
B. Keeping serum at room tem- system, it may be necessary to destroy
perature of 22°C for 1 hour complement activity in the test sample by
C. Heating serum at 37°C for 45 heat inactivation.
min
D. Freezing serum at 0°C for 24
hours
14. *What is the purpose of C3a, *B. C3a, C4a, and C5a are split products
C4a, and C5a, the split products of the complement cascade that partici-
of the complement cascade? pate in various biological functions such
A. To bind with speci c mem- as vasodilation and smooth muscle con-
brane receptors of lympho- traction. These small peptides act as ana-
cytes and cause release of cy- phylatoxins, e.g., e ector molecules that
totoxic substances participate in the in ammatory response to
B. To cause increased vascu- 2026-04-06
4/6/2026 2026/04/06
