PNB 2265 PRACTICAL 1 EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS ||
ALREADY GRADED A+
1. Name 2 agranulocytes - ANSWER lymphocytes and monocytes
2. Name the 3 granulocytes - ANSWER neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
3. Lymphocytes - ANSWER a large, darkly stained, spherical nucleus occupies
most of the cell
4. monocytes - ANSWER usually have a large, darkly stained "U" or kidney-
shaped nucleus
5. Eosinophils - ANSWER Show large red granules in a clear cytoplasm. The
nucleus is bi-lobed
6. neutrophils - ANSWER Have fine reddish granules in a pale pink cytoplasm.
The nucleus has 3-5 lobes
7. Basophils - ANSWER Have a clear cytoplasm with purplish-black granules.
The nucleus is "S" or "U" shaped
8. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia - ANSWER This disease is characterized
by an overproduction of monocytes and myeloblast-derived blood cells
(basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils)
9. chronic lymphocytic leukemia - ANSWER This disease is characterized by
large numbers of abnormal lymphocytes
10.Acute monocytic leukemia - ANSWER his form of leukemia is
characterized by an overproduction of monocytes
,11.how would having polycythemia affect hematocrit - ANSWER If the
individual has polycythemia, their hematocrit results would be much higher
than normal because their body is producing way too many red blood cells
which would be seen in the test.
12.An individual is suffering from sickle cell anemia. Describe how their test
results (hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood smear) might differ, if at all, from
normal blood - ANSWER The results of a hematocrit test in someone
suffering from sickle cell will see a lower level as compared to a normal
hematocrit because there are fewer red blood cells in those with sickle cell.
Their hemoglobin would also be abnormally shaped, in the form of an "s" or
a sickle instead of the natural biconcave red blood cell. The blood smear
would encompass those descriptions because there wouldn't be as many red
blood cells and would be able to see the sickle-shaped cells themselves.
13.antigen - ANSWER elicits production of Ab as part of immune response
BSA
14.antibody - ANSWER produced by B cells in response to infection with
pathogen; only bind one specific Ag
primary = rabbit
secondary = goat
15.indirect ELISA steps - ANSWER •coat with Ag (BSA)
•wash (PBS-Tween and PBS)
•block with gelatin (blocks remaining protein binding sites)
•add primary Ab (anti-BSA rabbit Ab)
•wash
•add secondary Ab (anti-rabbit goat Ab linked to enzyme HRP)
•wash
•add substrate (ABTS)
•contains anti-BSA Ab -> color change
•no Ab -> no color change
16.hemolytic plaque assay - ANSWER •detects Ab-producing plasma cells
•mice immunized with sheep RBC
, •stimulates B cells in mouse spleen to differentiate into plasma cells and
secrete Ab against SRBC
•had to mix mouse spleen cells with RBC mixed with complement
•complement activated -> cell lysis (MAC), opsonization (eaten by
macrophage), inflammation
•PLAQUES FORM
-mice injected with cow or sheep RBC
-take out spleen (had B cells that made Ab to RBC)
-only spleen that had been injected with SRBC previously had Ab for blood
-> complement lyses cell -> plaque
-ONE PLAQUE = ONE B CELL W/ AB FOR SRBC
-can tell which blood sample is SRBC and which is cow based on which
forms plaques
-*antibodies activate B cells to phagocytose foreign RBC*
•LYMPH NODES could also be used for this assay
-secondary lymphoid organ
-has mature B cells
17.indirect vs. direct ELISA - ANSWER •indirect
-detects Ab made in response to pathogen
-for viruses
-HIV (indirect because virus cannot go latent inside of cells, need to detect
Ab)
+takes lot of time to develop enough Ab to detect
•direct
-detects antigens directly (using capture Ab)
-for bacteria
-E. coli
-HCG pregnancy test (tests for urine, not blood, NO Ab IN URINE, must
screen directly for Ag)
18.SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC
primary vs. secondary lymphoid organs - ANSWER •primary
-where cells of immune system generated and mature
-thymus, bone marrow
, •secondary
-cells migrate to secondary
-mature immune cells make immune response
-spleen, lymph nodes
19.To create monoclonal antibodies, clones are generated from spleen cells of a
mouse exposed to an immunogen. what organ could also be used for
successful antibody creation? - ANSWER Lymph nodes
20.Describe two differences between B and T cells - ANSWER B cells mature
in bone marrow while T cells mature in the thymus
21.do erythrocytes have a nucles? - ANSWER no
22.do erythrocytes have granules? - ANSWER no
23.do platelets have a nucleas? - ANSWER no
24.do platelets have granules? - ANSWER no
25.Do lymphocytes have a nucleus? - ANSWER yes
26.is the nucleus of lymphocytes bi lobed? - ANSWER no
27.is the nucleus of lymphocytes multi lobed? - ANSWER no
28.do lymphocytes have granules? - ANSWER no
29.Do monocytes have a nucleus? - ANSWER yes
30.do monocytes have a bi lobed nucleus - ANSWER no
31.do monocytes have a multi lobed nucleus? - ANSWER no
32.do monocytes have granules? - ANSWER no
33.Do neutrophils have a nucleus? - ANSWER yes
34.do neutrophils have a bi lobed or multilobed nucleus - ANSWER multilobed
GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS ||
ALREADY GRADED A+
1. Name 2 agranulocytes - ANSWER lymphocytes and monocytes
2. Name the 3 granulocytes - ANSWER neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
3. Lymphocytes - ANSWER a large, darkly stained, spherical nucleus occupies
most of the cell
4. monocytes - ANSWER usually have a large, darkly stained "U" or kidney-
shaped nucleus
5. Eosinophils - ANSWER Show large red granules in a clear cytoplasm. The
nucleus is bi-lobed
6. neutrophils - ANSWER Have fine reddish granules in a pale pink cytoplasm.
The nucleus has 3-5 lobes
7. Basophils - ANSWER Have a clear cytoplasm with purplish-black granules.
The nucleus is "S" or "U" shaped
8. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia - ANSWER This disease is characterized
by an overproduction of monocytes and myeloblast-derived blood cells
(basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils)
9. chronic lymphocytic leukemia - ANSWER This disease is characterized by
large numbers of abnormal lymphocytes
10.Acute monocytic leukemia - ANSWER his form of leukemia is
characterized by an overproduction of monocytes
,11.how would having polycythemia affect hematocrit - ANSWER If the
individual has polycythemia, their hematocrit results would be much higher
than normal because their body is producing way too many red blood cells
which would be seen in the test.
12.An individual is suffering from sickle cell anemia. Describe how their test
results (hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood smear) might differ, if at all, from
normal blood - ANSWER The results of a hematocrit test in someone
suffering from sickle cell will see a lower level as compared to a normal
hematocrit because there are fewer red blood cells in those with sickle cell.
Their hemoglobin would also be abnormally shaped, in the form of an "s" or
a sickle instead of the natural biconcave red blood cell. The blood smear
would encompass those descriptions because there wouldn't be as many red
blood cells and would be able to see the sickle-shaped cells themselves.
13.antigen - ANSWER elicits production of Ab as part of immune response
BSA
14.antibody - ANSWER produced by B cells in response to infection with
pathogen; only bind one specific Ag
primary = rabbit
secondary = goat
15.indirect ELISA steps - ANSWER •coat with Ag (BSA)
•wash (PBS-Tween and PBS)
•block with gelatin (blocks remaining protein binding sites)
•add primary Ab (anti-BSA rabbit Ab)
•wash
•add secondary Ab (anti-rabbit goat Ab linked to enzyme HRP)
•wash
•add substrate (ABTS)
•contains anti-BSA Ab -> color change
•no Ab -> no color change
16.hemolytic plaque assay - ANSWER •detects Ab-producing plasma cells
•mice immunized with sheep RBC
, •stimulates B cells in mouse spleen to differentiate into plasma cells and
secrete Ab against SRBC
•had to mix mouse spleen cells with RBC mixed with complement
•complement activated -> cell lysis (MAC), opsonization (eaten by
macrophage), inflammation
•PLAQUES FORM
-mice injected with cow or sheep RBC
-take out spleen (had B cells that made Ab to RBC)
-only spleen that had been injected with SRBC previously had Ab for blood
-> complement lyses cell -> plaque
-ONE PLAQUE = ONE B CELL W/ AB FOR SRBC
-can tell which blood sample is SRBC and which is cow based on which
forms plaques
-*antibodies activate B cells to phagocytose foreign RBC*
•LYMPH NODES could also be used for this assay
-secondary lymphoid organ
-has mature B cells
17.indirect vs. direct ELISA - ANSWER •indirect
-detects Ab made in response to pathogen
-for viruses
-HIV (indirect because virus cannot go latent inside of cells, need to detect
Ab)
+takes lot of time to develop enough Ab to detect
•direct
-detects antigens directly (using capture Ab)
-for bacteria
-E. coli
-HCG pregnancy test (tests for urine, not blood, NO Ab IN URINE, must
screen directly for Ag)
18.SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC
primary vs. secondary lymphoid organs - ANSWER •primary
-where cells of immune system generated and mature
-thymus, bone marrow
, •secondary
-cells migrate to secondary
-mature immune cells make immune response
-spleen, lymph nodes
19.To create monoclonal antibodies, clones are generated from spleen cells of a
mouse exposed to an immunogen. what organ could also be used for
successful antibody creation? - ANSWER Lymph nodes
20.Describe two differences between B and T cells - ANSWER B cells mature
in bone marrow while T cells mature in the thymus
21.do erythrocytes have a nucles? - ANSWER no
22.do erythrocytes have granules? - ANSWER no
23.do platelets have a nucleas? - ANSWER no
24.do platelets have granules? - ANSWER no
25.Do lymphocytes have a nucleus? - ANSWER yes
26.is the nucleus of lymphocytes bi lobed? - ANSWER no
27.is the nucleus of lymphocytes multi lobed? - ANSWER no
28.do lymphocytes have granules? - ANSWER no
29.Do monocytes have a nucleus? - ANSWER yes
30.do monocytes have a bi lobed nucleus - ANSWER no
31.do monocytes have a multi lobed nucleus? - ANSWER no
32.do monocytes have granules? - ANSWER no
33.Do neutrophils have a nucleus? - ANSWER yes
34.do neutrophils have a bi lobed or multilobed nucleus - ANSWER multilobed
