PSYCH 1XX3 ALL TIPS 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Perceptual Constancies - ✔✔our ability to perceive an object as unchanging even
though the visual image produced by the object is constantly changing
1. Shape Constancy
2. Location Constancy
3. Size Constancy
4. Brightness Constancy
5. Colour Constancy
Reasons for Perceptual Constancies:
1. existing knowledge
2. cues in a scene
✔✔Shape Constancy - ✔✔an object is perceived to have a constant shape despite the
shape of its retinal image changing with shifts in point of view or change in object
position
✔✔Location Constancy - ✔✔same location despite changing location on our retina due
to body movements
✔✔Size Constancy - ✔✔same size despite size of object on retinal image varying with
distance
✔✔Brightness Constancy - ✔✔same brightness despite reflecting more/less light onto
our retina
✔✔Colour Constancy - ✔✔constant colour despite different illumination conditions
✔✔Visual Illusions - ✔✔occur when the brain has to process ambiguous or partial visual
information
✔✔Muller-Lyer Illusion - ✔✔corner of room/depth illusion; people who live in huts in
their tribe are less susceptible to this illusion
✔✔Ames Room Illusion - ✔✔trapezoid shape shaped room causes depth illusion where
one person is much closer than others, and looks much taller
✔✔Ponzo Illusion - ✔✔gives sense of depth making the top line looks farther away but
the two vertical lines are the same
✔✔Magno Cells - ✔✔ganglion cells in the periphery of retina; detecting changes in
brightness, motion, and depth
, ✔✔Simple Cells - ✔✔for orientation; respond maximally to a bar of a certain orientation
in a particular region of the retina
✔✔Complex Cells - ✔✔for orientation and direction; responds maximally to a bar of a
certain orientation and direction of movement, regardless of where the bar is located
within the receptive field
✔✔Hypercomplex Cells - ✔✔for orientation, direction and length; responds max to bar
of specific orientation that ends at specific points within the receptive field; cells have
inhibitory region at the end of the bar making them sensitive to length
✔✔Retinotopic Mapping - ✔✔largest amount of cortex is devoted to processing
information from the central part of the visual field which projects onto the fovea
✔✔Temporal Cortex - ✔✔arranged in vertical columns oriented perpendicularly to the
surface of the cortex; neurons respond to very specific stimuli that are much more
complex than the stimuli to which the neurons in V1 respond
✔✔Activity Patterns - ✔✔within each cortical column, there are 5 layers of neurons with
each layer responding to complex stimuli that come from the same category
✔✔Development of Form Perception under 2 months - ✔✔stare at corner of shape
✔✔Development of Form Perception 2 months - ✔✔focus on entire shape
✔✔Development of Form Perception 3 months - ✔✔perceive whole forms even when
given partial figures; can identify separate objects if they move independently
✔✔Development of Form Perception 4 months - ✔✔brightness, shape, and colour
constancy
✔✔Development of Form Perception 5 months - ✔✔can use colour or texture to tell
objects apart; size constancy
✔✔Prosopagnosia - ✔✔inability to recognize the faces of familiar people
✔✔Object Agnosia - ✔✔impairment in recognition of visually presented objects
✔✔Human Audition - ✔✔20 to 20,000 Hz
✔✔Basilar Membrane - ✔✔houses hearing receptors that process sounds of different
frequencies; different frequencies processed along different areas; longer basilar
membrane = wider range of frequencies
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Perceptual Constancies - ✔✔our ability to perceive an object as unchanging even
though the visual image produced by the object is constantly changing
1. Shape Constancy
2. Location Constancy
3. Size Constancy
4. Brightness Constancy
5. Colour Constancy
Reasons for Perceptual Constancies:
1. existing knowledge
2. cues in a scene
✔✔Shape Constancy - ✔✔an object is perceived to have a constant shape despite the
shape of its retinal image changing with shifts in point of view or change in object
position
✔✔Location Constancy - ✔✔same location despite changing location on our retina due
to body movements
✔✔Size Constancy - ✔✔same size despite size of object on retinal image varying with
distance
✔✔Brightness Constancy - ✔✔same brightness despite reflecting more/less light onto
our retina
✔✔Colour Constancy - ✔✔constant colour despite different illumination conditions
✔✔Visual Illusions - ✔✔occur when the brain has to process ambiguous or partial visual
information
✔✔Muller-Lyer Illusion - ✔✔corner of room/depth illusion; people who live in huts in
their tribe are less susceptible to this illusion
✔✔Ames Room Illusion - ✔✔trapezoid shape shaped room causes depth illusion where
one person is much closer than others, and looks much taller
✔✔Ponzo Illusion - ✔✔gives sense of depth making the top line looks farther away but
the two vertical lines are the same
✔✔Magno Cells - ✔✔ganglion cells in the periphery of retina; detecting changes in
brightness, motion, and depth
, ✔✔Simple Cells - ✔✔for orientation; respond maximally to a bar of a certain orientation
in a particular region of the retina
✔✔Complex Cells - ✔✔for orientation and direction; responds maximally to a bar of a
certain orientation and direction of movement, regardless of where the bar is located
within the receptive field
✔✔Hypercomplex Cells - ✔✔for orientation, direction and length; responds max to bar
of specific orientation that ends at specific points within the receptive field; cells have
inhibitory region at the end of the bar making them sensitive to length
✔✔Retinotopic Mapping - ✔✔largest amount of cortex is devoted to processing
information from the central part of the visual field which projects onto the fovea
✔✔Temporal Cortex - ✔✔arranged in vertical columns oriented perpendicularly to the
surface of the cortex; neurons respond to very specific stimuli that are much more
complex than the stimuli to which the neurons in V1 respond
✔✔Activity Patterns - ✔✔within each cortical column, there are 5 layers of neurons with
each layer responding to complex stimuli that come from the same category
✔✔Development of Form Perception under 2 months - ✔✔stare at corner of shape
✔✔Development of Form Perception 2 months - ✔✔focus on entire shape
✔✔Development of Form Perception 3 months - ✔✔perceive whole forms even when
given partial figures; can identify separate objects if they move independently
✔✔Development of Form Perception 4 months - ✔✔brightness, shape, and colour
constancy
✔✔Development of Form Perception 5 months - ✔✔can use colour or texture to tell
objects apart; size constancy
✔✔Prosopagnosia - ✔✔inability to recognize the faces of familiar people
✔✔Object Agnosia - ✔✔impairment in recognition of visually presented objects
✔✔Human Audition - ✔✔20 to 20,000 Hz
✔✔Basilar Membrane - ✔✔houses hearing receptors that process sounds of different
frequencies; different frequencies processed along different areas; longer basilar
membrane = wider range of frequencies
