ENT 101 MIDTERM 1 ( 2026/2027) QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 100% A+
GRADED UPDATED
when are degree day models used for dead bodies - CORRECT ANSWES -- when the
body is at earlier stages of decay (the first month)
5 steps of identify death by using insects - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. collect insect
colonizers on corpse
2. identify species of insects
3. estimate developmental stage of insect
4. obtain climate data and site information
5. calculate degree days to find PMI
insect represent what percent of all known species - CORRECT ANSWES -- over 50%
vertebrates - CORRECT ANSWES -- have an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) with
vertebrae arranged into a spinal column
invertebrates - CORRECT ANSWES -- no vertebrae (no internal support structure) they
have support outside their body (exoskeleton)
two functions of the vertebral column - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. provides support
against gravity
2. allows for large body sizes
vertebrate animals (5) - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. amphibians
2. fish
3. reptiles
4. birds
5. mammals
more than 90% of all species are what - CORRECT ANSWES -- invertebrates
most recognized species of invertebrates - CORRECT ANSWES -- arthropods
,arthron - CORRECT ANSWES -- joint
podos - CORRECT ANSWES -- feet
arthropod means what - CORRECT ANSWES -- jointed appendages
two functions of jointed appendages - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. locomotion
2. modified for different structures (antennae, mouth parts, reproductive structures)
how many known species of arthropods are there - CORRECT ANSWES -- about 1.2
million
arthropods include what groups (6) - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. crabs
2. lobsters
3. spiders
4. scorpion
5. millipedes
6. centipedes
7. insects
5 characteristics of arthropods - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. bilateral symmetry
2. segmented bodies
3. ventral nerve cords
4. dorsal blood vessels
5. exoskeletons
bilateral symmetry - CORRECT ANSWES -- split along the anterior-posterior axis
(forming a single plane of symmetry, separating into left and right sides)
jellyfish almost have perfect of what type of symmetry - CORRECT ANSWES -- radial
3 main body axis - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. dorsal/ventral
2. anterior/posterior
3. lateral
dorsal ventral axis - CORRECT ANSWES -- from top to bottom
anterior posterior axis - CORRECT ANSWES -- from front to back
lateral axis - CORRECT ANSWES -- from one side to another
segmented body - CORRECT ANSWES -- fused into regions/tagmata with different
biological functions
ventral nerve cord of arthropods is not enclosed in what - CORRECT ANSWES -- a
protective spinal column
,what type of nerve cord do humans have - CORRECT ANSWES -- dorsal
what kind of circulatory system do humans have - CORRECT ANSWES -- closed
open circulatory system of arthropods - CORRECT ANSWES -- don't have a network of
blood vessels, they have a single dorsal blood vessel with large openings at either end
in arthropods, tissues are directly exposed to what - CORRECT ANSWES -- blood
exoskeleton two features - CORRECT ANSWES -- hard and flexible
exoskeleton of arthropods is made up of what - CORRECT ANSWES -- cuticle and
epidermis
exoskeleton cuticle is made up of which two things - CORRECT ANSWES -- chitin and
protein
3 layers of the exoskeleton cuticle - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. waxy epicuticle
2. exocuticle
3. endocuticle
exocuticle is hardened by what - CORRECT ANSWES -- tanning
endocuticle features - CORRECT ANSWES -- unhardened and stretchy
epidermis of exoskeleton lies where - CORRECT ANSWES -- below the endocuticle
basement membrane of exoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWES -- thin tissue under
epidermis (separating it form the body cavity)
5 functions of the exoskeleton of arthropods - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. protects from
damage
2. reduces water loss
3. site for muscle attachment
4. barrier against microorganisms
5. supports internal organs
which part of the exoskeleton reduces water loss - CORRECT ANSWES -- the
epicuticle
which part of the exoskeleton acts as a barrier against microorganisms - CORRECT
ANSWES -- epicuticle
, tanning in exoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWES -- a crosslinking of proteins in the chitin
protein matrix (sclerotization)
tanning in exoskeleton can be achieved how - CORRECT ANSWES -- by mineralization
disadvantage of exoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWES -- limits growth (so they must moult
to grow)
all arthropods must do what to grow - CORRECT ANSWES -- moult
moult - CORRECT ANSWES -- shedding of exoskeleton regulated by hormones
4 steps of moulting - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. apolysis
2. break down of endocuticle layer
3. new cuticle formed
4. ecydisis
apolysis - CORRECT ANSWES -- the separation of the old cuticle from the underlying
epidermal cells
apolysis is stimulated by what - CORRECT ANSWES -- ecdysteroid moulting hormones
release from prothoracic glands
apolysis creates a new space under the old cuticle for what - CORRECT ANSWES -- for
the flow of digestive fluids
what breaksdown the endocuticle layer of the exoskeleton into metabolites - CORRECT
ANSWES -- the enzymes in the digestive fluid becoming activated
how is the new cuticle formed - CORRECT ANSWES -- metabolites are reabsorbed by
the epidermal cells and used to form it
ecdysis - CORRECT ANSWES -- the old cuticle is cast off
new cuticle after moulting will be what - CORRECT ANSWES -- pale and soft
what does the arthropod do to make their bodies bigger before the new cuticle hardens
- CORRECT ANSWES -- they contract muscles to increase internal fluid pressures
the new body size can be even more increased if the arthropod does what - CORRECT
ANSWES -- swallows air or water to inflate the gut
arthropods are extremely vulnerable to what before the new exoskeleton hardens -
CORRECT ANSWES -- predation and dessication
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 100% A+
GRADED UPDATED
when are degree day models used for dead bodies - CORRECT ANSWES -- when the
body is at earlier stages of decay (the first month)
5 steps of identify death by using insects - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. collect insect
colonizers on corpse
2. identify species of insects
3. estimate developmental stage of insect
4. obtain climate data and site information
5. calculate degree days to find PMI
insect represent what percent of all known species - CORRECT ANSWES -- over 50%
vertebrates - CORRECT ANSWES -- have an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) with
vertebrae arranged into a spinal column
invertebrates - CORRECT ANSWES -- no vertebrae (no internal support structure) they
have support outside their body (exoskeleton)
two functions of the vertebral column - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. provides support
against gravity
2. allows for large body sizes
vertebrate animals (5) - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. amphibians
2. fish
3. reptiles
4. birds
5. mammals
more than 90% of all species are what - CORRECT ANSWES -- invertebrates
most recognized species of invertebrates - CORRECT ANSWES -- arthropods
,arthron - CORRECT ANSWES -- joint
podos - CORRECT ANSWES -- feet
arthropod means what - CORRECT ANSWES -- jointed appendages
two functions of jointed appendages - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. locomotion
2. modified for different structures (antennae, mouth parts, reproductive structures)
how many known species of arthropods are there - CORRECT ANSWES -- about 1.2
million
arthropods include what groups (6) - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. crabs
2. lobsters
3. spiders
4. scorpion
5. millipedes
6. centipedes
7. insects
5 characteristics of arthropods - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. bilateral symmetry
2. segmented bodies
3. ventral nerve cords
4. dorsal blood vessels
5. exoskeletons
bilateral symmetry - CORRECT ANSWES -- split along the anterior-posterior axis
(forming a single plane of symmetry, separating into left and right sides)
jellyfish almost have perfect of what type of symmetry - CORRECT ANSWES -- radial
3 main body axis - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. dorsal/ventral
2. anterior/posterior
3. lateral
dorsal ventral axis - CORRECT ANSWES -- from top to bottom
anterior posterior axis - CORRECT ANSWES -- from front to back
lateral axis - CORRECT ANSWES -- from one side to another
segmented body - CORRECT ANSWES -- fused into regions/tagmata with different
biological functions
ventral nerve cord of arthropods is not enclosed in what - CORRECT ANSWES -- a
protective spinal column
,what type of nerve cord do humans have - CORRECT ANSWES -- dorsal
what kind of circulatory system do humans have - CORRECT ANSWES -- closed
open circulatory system of arthropods - CORRECT ANSWES -- don't have a network of
blood vessels, they have a single dorsal blood vessel with large openings at either end
in arthropods, tissues are directly exposed to what - CORRECT ANSWES -- blood
exoskeleton two features - CORRECT ANSWES -- hard and flexible
exoskeleton of arthropods is made up of what - CORRECT ANSWES -- cuticle and
epidermis
exoskeleton cuticle is made up of which two things - CORRECT ANSWES -- chitin and
protein
3 layers of the exoskeleton cuticle - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. waxy epicuticle
2. exocuticle
3. endocuticle
exocuticle is hardened by what - CORRECT ANSWES -- tanning
endocuticle features - CORRECT ANSWES -- unhardened and stretchy
epidermis of exoskeleton lies where - CORRECT ANSWES -- below the endocuticle
basement membrane of exoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWES -- thin tissue under
epidermis (separating it form the body cavity)
5 functions of the exoskeleton of arthropods - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. protects from
damage
2. reduces water loss
3. site for muscle attachment
4. barrier against microorganisms
5. supports internal organs
which part of the exoskeleton reduces water loss - CORRECT ANSWES -- the
epicuticle
which part of the exoskeleton acts as a barrier against microorganisms - CORRECT
ANSWES -- epicuticle
, tanning in exoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWES -- a crosslinking of proteins in the chitin
protein matrix (sclerotization)
tanning in exoskeleton can be achieved how - CORRECT ANSWES -- by mineralization
disadvantage of exoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWES -- limits growth (so they must moult
to grow)
all arthropods must do what to grow - CORRECT ANSWES -- moult
moult - CORRECT ANSWES -- shedding of exoskeleton regulated by hormones
4 steps of moulting - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. apolysis
2. break down of endocuticle layer
3. new cuticle formed
4. ecydisis
apolysis - CORRECT ANSWES -- the separation of the old cuticle from the underlying
epidermal cells
apolysis is stimulated by what - CORRECT ANSWES -- ecdysteroid moulting hormones
release from prothoracic glands
apolysis creates a new space under the old cuticle for what - CORRECT ANSWES -- for
the flow of digestive fluids
what breaksdown the endocuticle layer of the exoskeleton into metabolites - CORRECT
ANSWES -- the enzymes in the digestive fluid becoming activated
how is the new cuticle formed - CORRECT ANSWES -- metabolites are reabsorbed by
the epidermal cells and used to form it
ecdysis - CORRECT ANSWES -- the old cuticle is cast off
new cuticle after moulting will be what - CORRECT ANSWES -- pale and soft
what does the arthropod do to make their bodies bigger before the new cuticle hardens
- CORRECT ANSWES -- they contract muscles to increase internal fluid pressures
the new body size can be even more increased if the arthropod does what - CORRECT
ANSWES -- swallows air or water to inflate the gut
arthropods are extremely vulnerable to what before the new exoskeleton hardens -
CORRECT ANSWES -- predation and dessication
