SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY
SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WELL ILLUSTRATED.
Who created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive
abilities? answer > Jean Piaget
What is epistemology? answer > Study of development of abstract thought on
the basis of a biological or innate substrate
According to Piaget, what are the four major stages that lead to the capacity for
adult thought and and what age range does each occur? answer > Sensorimotor
(birth to 2 years), preoperational thought (2 to 7 years), concrete operations (7 to
11 years), and formal operations (11 through adolescence)
In what stage of Piaget development does the child understand that melted ice in
the form of water can turn back to water (reversibility)? answer > Concrete
operations
A child believe that bad thoughts cause accidents. What is this called and in what
stage of Piaget development does it occur? answer > Phenomenality causality;
Preoperational thought
What are the critical developmental achievements of the sensorimotor stage?
answer > Object permanence and symbolization
,SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY
A child recognizes that when a ball of clay is rolled into a sausage shape there is
still the same amount of clay. What ability is this child demonstrating and during
what stage of Piaget development does this occur? answer > Conservation;
Concrete operations
What is the tendency to endow physical events and objects with life-like
psychological attributes and in what Piaget stage of development does this occur?
answer > Animistic thinking; Preoperational
In the Piaget stage of concrete operations, what is egocentric thought replaced
by? answer > Operational thought which involves dealing with a wide array of
information outside of the child. Children can now see things from someone's else
perspective
All horses are mammals, all mammals are warm blooded, therefore all horses are
warm blooded...this is what type of reasoning and during what stage of Piaget
development does it occur? answer > Syllogistic reasoning; Concrete operations
Who studied infant attachment and separation and pointed out that mother-child
attachment was an essential medium of human interaction that had important
consequences for later development? answer > John Bowlby
Who demonstrated the emotional and behavioral effects of isolating monkeys
form birth and keeping them from forming attachments? answer > Harry Harlow
Mary Ainsworth is known for describing what 3 main types of insecure
attachment? answer > Insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent, and insecure-
disorganized
,SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY
65% of infants are securely attached by what age? answer > 25 months
What are the three types of signal indicators in infants? answer > Hunger, anger,
and pain
What are the three sequences of behavior patterns in children that are operated
from their mothers for long periods of time? answer > Protest, despair, and
detachment
In Pavlovian conditioning, what are the following called...food, bell, new response
to the bell, and the natural response to the food itself? answer > Unconditional
stimulus, conditional stimulus, conditional response, and unconditional response
Who was Pavlovian conditioning developed by? answer > Ivan Pavlov
Who was operant conditioning developed by? answer > B.F. Skinner
What is Pavlovian conditioning? answer > Occurs when neutral stimuli are
associated with a psychologically significant event
What is operant conditioning? answer > Occurs when a behavior (instead of a
stimulus) is associated with a psychologically significant event
What is sign tracking? answer > When a CS signals a positive US, the CS will tend
to evoke approach behaviors
, SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY
What is extinction? answer > Learned behavior decreases when the US or
reinforce
A person who gets sick of drinking an alcoholic beverage and consequently learns
to hate the flavor is an example of what type of conditioning? answer > Pavlovian
conditioning
Give an example of a compensatory response? answer > Alcohol causes a drop in
body temperature, a conditioned response to a CS associated with alcohol is
typically an increase in body temperature
What is it called when some stimuli are especially effective signals for some USs
because evolution has made them that way? answer > Preparedness
How does extinction occur? answer > Conditioned response decreases if the CS is
presented repeatedly without the US after conditioning
How does counterconditioning occur? answer > CS is paired with a very different
US/UR
What is a drug that can be used to improve long-term potentiation and can
possibly facilitate extinction learning in humans undergoing exposure therapy for
anxiety disorders and which receptor does it work on? answer > D-cycloserine; N-
Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
What is a reinforce? answer > Any event that could be shown to increase the
strength of an operant if it was made a consequence of the operant
SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WELL ILLUSTRATED.
Who created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive
abilities? answer > Jean Piaget
What is epistemology? answer > Study of development of abstract thought on
the basis of a biological or innate substrate
According to Piaget, what are the four major stages that lead to the capacity for
adult thought and and what age range does each occur? answer > Sensorimotor
(birth to 2 years), preoperational thought (2 to 7 years), concrete operations (7 to
11 years), and formal operations (11 through adolescence)
In what stage of Piaget development does the child understand that melted ice in
the form of water can turn back to water (reversibility)? answer > Concrete
operations
A child believe that bad thoughts cause accidents. What is this called and in what
stage of Piaget development does it occur? answer > Phenomenality causality;
Preoperational thought
What are the critical developmental achievements of the sensorimotor stage?
answer > Object permanence and symbolization
,SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY
A child recognizes that when a ball of clay is rolled into a sausage shape there is
still the same amount of clay. What ability is this child demonstrating and during
what stage of Piaget development does this occur? answer > Conservation;
Concrete operations
What is the tendency to endow physical events and objects with life-like
psychological attributes and in what Piaget stage of development does this occur?
answer > Animistic thinking; Preoperational
In the Piaget stage of concrete operations, what is egocentric thought replaced
by? answer > Operational thought which involves dealing with a wide array of
information outside of the child. Children can now see things from someone's else
perspective
All horses are mammals, all mammals are warm blooded, therefore all horses are
warm blooded...this is what type of reasoning and during what stage of Piaget
development does it occur? answer > Syllogistic reasoning; Concrete operations
Who studied infant attachment and separation and pointed out that mother-child
attachment was an essential medium of human interaction that had important
consequences for later development? answer > John Bowlby
Who demonstrated the emotional and behavioral effects of isolating monkeys
form birth and keeping them from forming attachments? answer > Harry Harlow
Mary Ainsworth is known for describing what 3 main types of insecure
attachment? answer > Insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent, and insecure-
disorganized
,SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY
65% of infants are securely attached by what age? answer > 25 months
What are the three types of signal indicators in infants? answer > Hunger, anger,
and pain
What are the three sequences of behavior patterns in children that are operated
from their mothers for long periods of time? answer > Protest, despair, and
detachment
In Pavlovian conditioning, what are the following called...food, bell, new response
to the bell, and the natural response to the food itself? answer > Unconditional
stimulus, conditional stimulus, conditional response, and unconditional response
Who was Pavlovian conditioning developed by? answer > Ivan Pavlov
Who was operant conditioning developed by? answer > B.F. Skinner
What is Pavlovian conditioning? answer > Occurs when neutral stimuli are
associated with a psychologically significant event
What is operant conditioning? answer > Occurs when a behavior (instead of a
stimulus) is associated with a psychologically significant event
What is sign tracking? answer > When a CS signals a positive US, the CS will tend
to evoke approach behaviors
, SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY
What is extinction? answer > Learned behavior decreases when the US or
reinforce
A person who gets sick of drinking an alcoholic beverage and consequently learns
to hate the flavor is an example of what type of conditioning? answer > Pavlovian
conditioning
Give an example of a compensatory response? answer > Alcohol causes a drop in
body temperature, a conditioned response to a CS associated with alcohol is
typically an increase in body temperature
What is it called when some stimuli are especially effective signals for some USs
because evolution has made them that way? answer > Preparedness
How does extinction occur? answer > Conditioned response decreases if the CS is
presented repeatedly without the US after conditioning
How does counterconditioning occur? answer > CS is paired with a very different
US/UR
What is a drug that can be used to improve long-term potentiation and can
possibly facilitate extinction learning in humans undergoing exposure therapy for
anxiety disorders and which receptor does it work on? answer > D-cycloserine; N-
Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
What is a reinforce? answer > Any event that could be shown to increase the
strength of an operant if it was made a consequence of the operant
