Unit 1 Comprehensive Review
1.) What are risk factors and protective factors that affect the severity and progression of a
mental illness, as well as the mental health of a person who does not have a mental
illness? Explain each. (pg 4-6) **Resilience**
Genetics/biological- prenatal exposure to alcohol or oxygen deprivation. Characteristics both
unborn and learned. Resilience allows effective regulation of their emotions
Social/economic- the family sets the stage for promoting confidence and coping skills or for
instilling anxiety and feelings of inadequacy. Socioeconomic status dictates the sort of
resources available to support mental health and reduce concerns over basic needs
Environmental- political and cultural considerations. Those with mental illness are those who
violate social norms and thus threaten those observing them
2.) Explain the diathesis-stress model. Pg 6
Diathesis represents biological predisposition and stress represents environmental stress or
trauma. Nature + nurture argument asserts that most psychiatric disorders result from a
combination of genetic vulnerability and negative environmental stressors.
3.) Explain Freud’s psychoanalytic Theory in no more than two sentences. (Use simple
terms) Pg 19
Belief that the vast majority of mental disorders resulted from unresolved issues that originated
In childhood. Theory of personality structure, levels of awareness, anxiety, the role of defense
mechanisms, and the stages of psychosexual development
4.) What are Freud’s levels of psychological awareness in operation? Explain each. Pg 19
Conscious- the tip of the iceberg. It contains all of the material a person is aware of at any one-
time including perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, and feelings.
Preconscious- just below the surface of awareness, contains material that can be retrieved
rather easily through conscious effort
Unconscious- includes all repressed memories, passions, and unacceptable urges lying deep
below the surface. Usually unable to retrieve unconscious material without the assistance of a
trained therapist.
5.) Freud identified three major and distinct but interactive systems of the personality.
What are these three systems and explain each? Pg 19
, ID- totally unconscious, impulsive and drives instincts, reflexes, and needs. Cannot tolerate
frustration and seeks to discharge tension, inability to problem solve and is illogical i.e., hungry,
screaming infant
Ego- resides in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Able to differentiate subjective
experiences, memory images, and objective reality. Reality testing- factor in reality to
implement a plan
Superego- develops between 3 and 5, represents the moral component of personality. Should
and should not. When behavior falls short of the ideal, superego may induce guilt. When
behavior is ideal, the superego may allow for a sense of pride
6.) Review Table 2.1 Freud’s Psychosexual stages of development pg 21
7.) Explain the following Behavioral theories/therapies in no more than 2 sentences.
a. Classical conditioning Theory- when a neutral stimulus is paired with another
stimulus repeatedly, eventually the neutral stimulus could elicit a reaction
(involuntary response)
b. Behavioral Theory- controlling the environment could mold behavior and that
anyone could be trained to be anything
c. Operant conditioning theory- method of learning that occurs through rewards
and punishment for voluntary behavior. Positive reinforcement and negative
reinforcement (removal of an adverse stimulus)
d. Behavioral Therapy- based on the assumption that changes in the maladaptive
behavior can occur without insight into the underlying cause
e. Modeling- therapist provides a role model for specific identified behaviors, and
patient learns though imitation
f. Operant Conditioning- basis for behavior modification and uses positive
reinforcement to increase desired behaviors
g. Systematic Desensitization- behavior modification therapy that involves the
development of behavior tasks customized to the patients’ specific fears; the
tasks are presented to the patient while using learned relaxation techniques
h. Aversion Therapy- pairing of a negative stimulus with a specific target behavior,
thereby suppressing the behavior
i. Biofeedback- behavioral therapy used for controlling the body’s physiological
response to stress and anxiety
8.) Explain the following Cognitive Theories/Therapies
a. Rational-Emotive Therapy- removal of core irrational beliefs by helping people
realize thoughts are not accurate, sensible, or useful.
1.) What are risk factors and protective factors that affect the severity and progression of a
mental illness, as well as the mental health of a person who does not have a mental
illness? Explain each. (pg 4-6) **Resilience**
Genetics/biological- prenatal exposure to alcohol or oxygen deprivation. Characteristics both
unborn and learned. Resilience allows effective regulation of their emotions
Social/economic- the family sets the stage for promoting confidence and coping skills or for
instilling anxiety and feelings of inadequacy. Socioeconomic status dictates the sort of
resources available to support mental health and reduce concerns over basic needs
Environmental- political and cultural considerations. Those with mental illness are those who
violate social norms and thus threaten those observing them
2.) Explain the diathesis-stress model. Pg 6
Diathesis represents biological predisposition and stress represents environmental stress or
trauma. Nature + nurture argument asserts that most psychiatric disorders result from a
combination of genetic vulnerability and negative environmental stressors.
3.) Explain Freud’s psychoanalytic Theory in no more than two sentences. (Use simple
terms) Pg 19
Belief that the vast majority of mental disorders resulted from unresolved issues that originated
In childhood. Theory of personality structure, levels of awareness, anxiety, the role of defense
mechanisms, and the stages of psychosexual development
4.) What are Freud’s levels of psychological awareness in operation? Explain each. Pg 19
Conscious- the tip of the iceberg. It contains all of the material a person is aware of at any one-
time including perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, and feelings.
Preconscious- just below the surface of awareness, contains material that can be retrieved
rather easily through conscious effort
Unconscious- includes all repressed memories, passions, and unacceptable urges lying deep
below the surface. Usually unable to retrieve unconscious material without the assistance of a
trained therapist.
5.) Freud identified three major and distinct but interactive systems of the personality.
What are these three systems and explain each? Pg 19
, ID- totally unconscious, impulsive and drives instincts, reflexes, and needs. Cannot tolerate
frustration and seeks to discharge tension, inability to problem solve and is illogical i.e., hungry,
screaming infant
Ego- resides in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Able to differentiate subjective
experiences, memory images, and objective reality. Reality testing- factor in reality to
implement a plan
Superego- develops between 3 and 5, represents the moral component of personality. Should
and should not. When behavior falls short of the ideal, superego may induce guilt. When
behavior is ideal, the superego may allow for a sense of pride
6.) Review Table 2.1 Freud’s Psychosexual stages of development pg 21
7.) Explain the following Behavioral theories/therapies in no more than 2 sentences.
a. Classical conditioning Theory- when a neutral stimulus is paired with another
stimulus repeatedly, eventually the neutral stimulus could elicit a reaction
(involuntary response)
b. Behavioral Theory- controlling the environment could mold behavior and that
anyone could be trained to be anything
c. Operant conditioning theory- method of learning that occurs through rewards
and punishment for voluntary behavior. Positive reinforcement and negative
reinforcement (removal of an adverse stimulus)
d. Behavioral Therapy- based on the assumption that changes in the maladaptive
behavior can occur without insight into the underlying cause
e. Modeling- therapist provides a role model for specific identified behaviors, and
patient learns though imitation
f. Operant Conditioning- basis for behavior modification and uses positive
reinforcement to increase desired behaviors
g. Systematic Desensitization- behavior modification therapy that involves the
development of behavior tasks customized to the patients’ specific fears; the
tasks are presented to the patient while using learned relaxation techniques
h. Aversion Therapy- pairing of a negative stimulus with a specific target behavior,
thereby suppressing the behavior
i. Biofeedback- behavioral therapy used for controlling the body’s physiological
response to stress and anxiety
8.) Explain the following Cognitive Theories/Therapies
a. Rational-Emotive Therapy- removal of core irrational beliefs by helping people
realize thoughts are not accurate, sensible, or useful.
