BIO 2400 Exam 2 Dr. Kakirde Study Guide
Microbial Growth - ANSWER an increase in cell constituents that may or may not
be accompanied by an increase in cell number.
Balanced growth - ANSWER When all cell components are synthesized at
constant rates relative to one another.
Unbalanced Growth - ANSWER When the rates of synthesis of some components
change relative to the rates of synthesis of other components
General Growth Requirements - ANSWER Nutrients, Water, Temp, pH,
appropriate atmosphere, hydrostatic pressure, light
Barotolerant microbes - ANSWER Organisms that are not drastically affected by
increased pressure
Barophilic Microbes - ANSWER Organisms that require increased pressure for
optimum growth
Nutrients - ANSWER materials that are required from the environment and are
used for growth and metabolism
Macronutrients - ANSWER - Required in large amounts
- C, N, H, O, S, P, and K, Ca, Mg and Fe
- Help maintain cell structure and metabolism
Elemental makeup of Proteins - ANSWER C, H, O, N, S
Elemental makeup of Lipids - ANSWER C, H, O, P
Elemental makeup of Carbohydrates - ANSWER C, H, O
Elemental makeup of Nucleic Acids - ANSWER C, H, O, N, P
Micronutrients - ANSWER - Required in small amounts
- Mn, Zn, Cu
- Serve as cofactors for many enzymes
- Help enzyme function and maintain protein structure
Where to find micronutrients - ANSWER - In nature
- Lab glassware contamination
- Tap water
,Ways organisms can acquire Carbon - ANSWER - Autotrophs: from CO2
- Heterotrophs: from pre-formed organic compounds.
Autotroph - ANSWER Organisms that make their own food
Heterotroph - ANSWER Organism that obtains energy from the food it
consumes; ex: carnivores
Photoautotrophs - ANSWER Organisms that use light as a source of energy and
CO2 as carbon source
use light energy directly for the production of ATP and NADPH
Ways organisms can acquire Nitrogen - ANSWER - Organic compounds
- Nitrates
- Ammonium ions
- Sometimes N2 (nitrogen fixation)
Pure water availability (Aw) - ANSWER 1
Saturated salt water availability (Aw) - ANSWER 0.75
Some bugs and S. Aureus can tolerate _______ on our skin - ANSWER Salt levels
Organisms that can grow in habitats with low water activity by maintaining a
high internal salt concentration are called __________ organisms. - ANSWER
Osmotolerant
Dried fruit water availability (Aw) - ANSWER 0.5
Most organism grow at: - ANSWER Aw > 0.98
Organisms that grow well at 0C and have optimum growth temperatures of 15C
or lower are called: - ANSWER Psychrophiles
The membranes of psychrophilic bacteria have relatively high levels of
__________ fatty acids, which allow them to remain semi-fluid at cold
temperatures. - ANSWER Unsaturated
Organisms that grow near deep-sea volcanic vents (Temperatures greater than
45C) are likely to be: - ANSWER Thermophilic and Barophilic/Barotolerant
Organisms that grow at 0C and have a maximum growth temperature of 35C are
called: - ANSWER Psychrotrophs
,Organisms that grow at temperatures between 20 - 45C are called - ANSWER
Mesophiles
When a microorganism is placed in a(n) __________ solution, water will enter into
the cell and cause it to burst unless something is done to prevent this. -
ANSWER Hypotonic
When a microorganism is placed in a(n)________ solution (one with a higher
osmotic concentration), water will flow out of the cell. - ANSWER Hypertonic
Cardinal growth temperatures - ANSWER - The minimum temperature
- The maximum temperature.
- The optimum temperature.
Range will differ from organism to organism
Adaptations of Thermophiles - ANSWER - DNA of thermophiles is stabilized by
binding of special nucleoid-associated proteins (Histone-like proteins)
- Membranes of some thermophilic Archaea are stabilized by ether linked
phospholipids.
- Membranes of thermophilic bacteria are stabilized by phospholipids with fatty
acids that tend to be more saturated.
Organisms that have their optimum growth pH between 0.0 - 5.5 are called: -
ANSWER Acidophiles
Organisms that have their optimum growth pH between 5.5 - 8.0 are called: -
ANSWER Neutrophiles
Organisms that have their optimum growth pH between 8.5 - 11.5 are called: -
ANSWER Alkaliphiles
Organisms that grow best at pH levels above 10 are called __________ __________
- ANSWER Extreme alkaliphiles
The Appropriate atmosphere for growth has: - ANSWER Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide, Enzymes
Organisms that do not require oxygen for growth but grow better in its presence
are called: - ANSWER Facultative Anaerobe
Organisms that ignore oxygen and grow equally well in its presence or absence
are called: - ANSWER Aerotolerant anaerobe
, Organisms that are damaged by the normal atmospheric levels of oxygen (20%)
but require oxygen at levels of 2-10% for growth are called: - ANSWER
Microerophiles
Organisms that grow in the mud under relatively nonturbulent bodies of water
are likely to be: - ANSWER Anaerobes
______________ are usually poisoned by molecular oxygen but may grow in
aerobic habitats if associated with facultative anaerobes that use up all
available oxygen. - ANSWER Obligate anaerobes
The enzymes that deal with toxic oxygen-containing molecules is/are - ANSWER
Superoxide Dismutase & Catalase
Complex microbial communities that grow tightly adhered to surfaces (sessile)
are called: - ANSWER Biofilms
Biofilm formation - ANSWER -Microbes reversibly attach to conditioned surface
and release polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA to form the extracellular
polymeric substance (EPS)
-Additional polymers are produced as microbes reproduce and biofilm matures
Quorum Sensing - ANSWER - Is a phenomenon in which bacteria monitor their
own population density.
- Depends on the sensing of signal protein molecules.
- Plays an important role in formation of biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Quorum sensing in Gram-positive bacteria generally involves the use of
____________ as the external signaling molecules. - ANSWER oligopeptides
How are bacteria growth in a lab? - ANSWER - Grown in a liquid or solid
medium/media
- Only 1% of bacteria can be cultured in lab
Types of Media - ANSWER - Defined
- Complex
- General purpose
- Differential
- Selective
- Enrichment
Media in which all components and their concentration are known are called
__________ media. - ANSWER Defined
Media containing some ingredients of unknown chemical composition are called
__________ media. - ANSWER Complex
Microbial Growth - ANSWER an increase in cell constituents that may or may not
be accompanied by an increase in cell number.
Balanced growth - ANSWER When all cell components are synthesized at
constant rates relative to one another.
Unbalanced Growth - ANSWER When the rates of synthesis of some components
change relative to the rates of synthesis of other components
General Growth Requirements - ANSWER Nutrients, Water, Temp, pH,
appropriate atmosphere, hydrostatic pressure, light
Barotolerant microbes - ANSWER Organisms that are not drastically affected by
increased pressure
Barophilic Microbes - ANSWER Organisms that require increased pressure for
optimum growth
Nutrients - ANSWER materials that are required from the environment and are
used for growth and metabolism
Macronutrients - ANSWER - Required in large amounts
- C, N, H, O, S, P, and K, Ca, Mg and Fe
- Help maintain cell structure and metabolism
Elemental makeup of Proteins - ANSWER C, H, O, N, S
Elemental makeup of Lipids - ANSWER C, H, O, P
Elemental makeup of Carbohydrates - ANSWER C, H, O
Elemental makeup of Nucleic Acids - ANSWER C, H, O, N, P
Micronutrients - ANSWER - Required in small amounts
- Mn, Zn, Cu
- Serve as cofactors for many enzymes
- Help enzyme function and maintain protein structure
Where to find micronutrients - ANSWER - In nature
- Lab glassware contamination
- Tap water
,Ways organisms can acquire Carbon - ANSWER - Autotrophs: from CO2
- Heterotrophs: from pre-formed organic compounds.
Autotroph - ANSWER Organisms that make their own food
Heterotroph - ANSWER Organism that obtains energy from the food it
consumes; ex: carnivores
Photoautotrophs - ANSWER Organisms that use light as a source of energy and
CO2 as carbon source
use light energy directly for the production of ATP and NADPH
Ways organisms can acquire Nitrogen - ANSWER - Organic compounds
- Nitrates
- Ammonium ions
- Sometimes N2 (nitrogen fixation)
Pure water availability (Aw) - ANSWER 1
Saturated salt water availability (Aw) - ANSWER 0.75
Some bugs and S. Aureus can tolerate _______ on our skin - ANSWER Salt levels
Organisms that can grow in habitats with low water activity by maintaining a
high internal salt concentration are called __________ organisms. - ANSWER
Osmotolerant
Dried fruit water availability (Aw) - ANSWER 0.5
Most organism grow at: - ANSWER Aw > 0.98
Organisms that grow well at 0C and have optimum growth temperatures of 15C
or lower are called: - ANSWER Psychrophiles
The membranes of psychrophilic bacteria have relatively high levels of
__________ fatty acids, which allow them to remain semi-fluid at cold
temperatures. - ANSWER Unsaturated
Organisms that grow near deep-sea volcanic vents (Temperatures greater than
45C) are likely to be: - ANSWER Thermophilic and Barophilic/Barotolerant
Organisms that grow at 0C and have a maximum growth temperature of 35C are
called: - ANSWER Psychrotrophs
,Organisms that grow at temperatures between 20 - 45C are called - ANSWER
Mesophiles
When a microorganism is placed in a(n) __________ solution, water will enter into
the cell and cause it to burst unless something is done to prevent this. -
ANSWER Hypotonic
When a microorganism is placed in a(n)________ solution (one with a higher
osmotic concentration), water will flow out of the cell. - ANSWER Hypertonic
Cardinal growth temperatures - ANSWER - The minimum temperature
- The maximum temperature.
- The optimum temperature.
Range will differ from organism to organism
Adaptations of Thermophiles - ANSWER - DNA of thermophiles is stabilized by
binding of special nucleoid-associated proteins (Histone-like proteins)
- Membranes of some thermophilic Archaea are stabilized by ether linked
phospholipids.
- Membranes of thermophilic bacteria are stabilized by phospholipids with fatty
acids that tend to be more saturated.
Organisms that have their optimum growth pH between 0.0 - 5.5 are called: -
ANSWER Acidophiles
Organisms that have their optimum growth pH between 5.5 - 8.0 are called: -
ANSWER Neutrophiles
Organisms that have their optimum growth pH between 8.5 - 11.5 are called: -
ANSWER Alkaliphiles
Organisms that grow best at pH levels above 10 are called __________ __________
- ANSWER Extreme alkaliphiles
The Appropriate atmosphere for growth has: - ANSWER Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide, Enzymes
Organisms that do not require oxygen for growth but grow better in its presence
are called: - ANSWER Facultative Anaerobe
Organisms that ignore oxygen and grow equally well in its presence or absence
are called: - ANSWER Aerotolerant anaerobe
, Organisms that are damaged by the normal atmospheric levels of oxygen (20%)
but require oxygen at levels of 2-10% for growth are called: - ANSWER
Microerophiles
Organisms that grow in the mud under relatively nonturbulent bodies of water
are likely to be: - ANSWER Anaerobes
______________ are usually poisoned by molecular oxygen but may grow in
aerobic habitats if associated with facultative anaerobes that use up all
available oxygen. - ANSWER Obligate anaerobes
The enzymes that deal with toxic oxygen-containing molecules is/are - ANSWER
Superoxide Dismutase & Catalase
Complex microbial communities that grow tightly adhered to surfaces (sessile)
are called: - ANSWER Biofilms
Biofilm formation - ANSWER -Microbes reversibly attach to conditioned surface
and release polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA to form the extracellular
polymeric substance (EPS)
-Additional polymers are produced as microbes reproduce and biofilm matures
Quorum Sensing - ANSWER - Is a phenomenon in which bacteria monitor their
own population density.
- Depends on the sensing of signal protein molecules.
- Plays an important role in formation of biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Quorum sensing in Gram-positive bacteria generally involves the use of
____________ as the external signaling molecules. - ANSWER oligopeptides
How are bacteria growth in a lab? - ANSWER - Grown in a liquid or solid
medium/media
- Only 1% of bacteria can be cultured in lab
Types of Media - ANSWER - Defined
- Complex
- General purpose
- Differential
- Selective
- Enrichment
Media in which all components and their concentration are known are called
__________ media. - ANSWER Defined
Media containing some ingredients of unknown chemical composition are called
__________ media. - ANSWER Complex
