CALT Exam Study
Guide (Latest 2026) |
Complete Study Pack
• phonological awareness -✓✓the ability to focus on units of sound in
spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels
• phonemic awareness -✓✓awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in
spoken words
• phonics -✓✓instruction that connects sounds and letters
• synthetic phonics -✓✓explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme
correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole
words
• alphabetic principle -✓✓the understanding that spoken sounds are
represented in print by written letters
• consonant -✓✓blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech
sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed
• vowel -✓✓open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds
produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract
,• phonology -✓✓the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken
language
• fluency -✓✓reading with rapidity and automaticity
• prosody -✓✓the rhythmic flow of oral reading
• pragmatics -✓✓set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and
use of language, rules we communicate by
• syntax -✓✓sentence structure, grammar, usage
• semantics -✓✓content of language, used to express knowledge of the
world around us - meaning
• phoneme -✓✓smallest unit of sound in a syllable
• spelling -✓✓sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect
grapheme to phoneme
• orthography -✓✓the spelling of written language
• orthographic memory -✓✓memory of letter patterns and word
spellings
• metalinguistics -✓✓awareness of language as an entity
• guided discovery -✓✓a method of leading students to new learning
through questioning
• Heuristic -✓✓means to discover by demonstration
, • grapheme -✓✓a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech
sound
• decoding -✓✓word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken
down to determine a word
• blending -✓✓fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into
meaningful units
• reading -✓✓symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme
• morpheme -✓✓the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix,
prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat,
man. etc.
Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling
ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of
morphemes.
• morphology -✓✓the study of word formation patterns, meaningful
units that make words
• fricative -✓✓a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow
opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z /
• nasal sound -✓✓a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose /
n//m/
• continuant sound -✓✓a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f /
• stop consonant sound -✓✓a sound obstructed / they must be clipped
off / b / / d /
• aspiration -✓✓puff of air
Guide (Latest 2026) |
Complete Study Pack
• phonological awareness -✓✓the ability to focus on units of sound in
spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels
• phonemic awareness -✓✓awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in
spoken words
• phonics -✓✓instruction that connects sounds and letters
• synthetic phonics -✓✓explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme
correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole
words
• alphabetic principle -✓✓the understanding that spoken sounds are
represented in print by written letters
• consonant -✓✓blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech
sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed
• vowel -✓✓open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds
produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract
,• phonology -✓✓the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken
language
• fluency -✓✓reading with rapidity and automaticity
• prosody -✓✓the rhythmic flow of oral reading
• pragmatics -✓✓set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and
use of language, rules we communicate by
• syntax -✓✓sentence structure, grammar, usage
• semantics -✓✓content of language, used to express knowledge of the
world around us - meaning
• phoneme -✓✓smallest unit of sound in a syllable
• spelling -✓✓sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect
grapheme to phoneme
• orthography -✓✓the spelling of written language
• orthographic memory -✓✓memory of letter patterns and word
spellings
• metalinguistics -✓✓awareness of language as an entity
• guided discovery -✓✓a method of leading students to new learning
through questioning
• Heuristic -✓✓means to discover by demonstration
, • grapheme -✓✓a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech
sound
• decoding -✓✓word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken
down to determine a word
• blending -✓✓fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into
meaningful units
• reading -✓✓symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme
• morpheme -✓✓the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix,
prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat,
man. etc.
Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling
ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of
morphemes.
• morphology -✓✓the study of word formation patterns, meaningful
units that make words
• fricative -✓✓a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow
opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z /
• nasal sound -✓✓a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose /
n//m/
• continuant sound -✓✓a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f /
• stop consonant sound -✓✓a sound obstructed / they must be clipped
off / b / / d /
• aspiration -✓✓puff of air
