NR503 EPIDEMIOLOGY MIDTERM 2026
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
◉ Childhood risk. Answer: conditions before birth and early in
childhood influence health in adult life.
◉ Risk accumulation. Answer: Ageing is an important marker of the
accumulation of modifiable risks for chronic disease
◉ Underlying determinants. Answer: a reflection of the major forces
driving social, economic, and cultural change. I.e. globalization,
urbanization, population ageing, and general policy environment
◉ Poverty. Answer: interconnected with chronic disease in a vicious
circle increasing exposure to risks and decreased access to health
services
◉ Primary prevention. Answer: aims to prevent disease. I.e. banning
hazardous products, educating on healthy/safe habits,
immunizations
◉ Secondary prevention. Answer: reduce impact of disease or injury
that has already occurred. I.e. screening tests, low-dose ASA, suitably
modified work
,◉ Tertiary prevention. Answer: aims to soften impact of ongoing
illness. I.e. cardiac or stroke rehab, support groups, vocational rehab
◉ Cross Cultural Health Care Program (CCHCP). Answer: materials
to improve cultural competency among health providers to provide
healthcare interventions and other cultural variants
◉ Marginalization. Answer: Major cause of vulnerability referring to
exposure to a range of possible harms
◉ Variables at risk for marginalization. Answer: high risk health
literacy, cultural barriers, low english proficiency
◉ Cultural competence. Answer: a dynamic, fluid, continuous
process whereby an individual, system or health care agency find
meaningful and useful care delivery strategies based on knowledge
of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those
whom they render care
◉ Norms & values. Answer: soecific practices that guide the actions
and decisions of each person in a group based on their culture. Can
be learned or shared.
, ◉ Kleinman Explanatory Model. Answer: A set of questions that the
APN can use in order to assess the culture of a patient.
◉ Socioeconomic status. Answer: A measure that takes into account
three interrelated dimensions: a person's income level, education
level, and typ of occupation.
◉ Disparities. Answer: a higher burden of illness, injury, disability,
or mortality experiences by one grup relative to another
◉ Minorities. Answer: a group of people who because of their
physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the other in
society
◉ Food desert. Answer: neighborhoods and communities that have
limited access to affordable and nutritious foods
◉ Social determinants of health. Answer: poverty, education level,
raciam, income, and poor housisng that effect access to healthcare
◉ Social justice theory. Answer: the goal that all people will have
equal opportunity to healthcare access and quality of healthcare will
be the same
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
◉ Childhood risk. Answer: conditions before birth and early in
childhood influence health in adult life.
◉ Risk accumulation. Answer: Ageing is an important marker of the
accumulation of modifiable risks for chronic disease
◉ Underlying determinants. Answer: a reflection of the major forces
driving social, economic, and cultural change. I.e. globalization,
urbanization, population ageing, and general policy environment
◉ Poverty. Answer: interconnected with chronic disease in a vicious
circle increasing exposure to risks and decreased access to health
services
◉ Primary prevention. Answer: aims to prevent disease. I.e. banning
hazardous products, educating on healthy/safe habits,
immunizations
◉ Secondary prevention. Answer: reduce impact of disease or injury
that has already occurred. I.e. screening tests, low-dose ASA, suitably
modified work
,◉ Tertiary prevention. Answer: aims to soften impact of ongoing
illness. I.e. cardiac or stroke rehab, support groups, vocational rehab
◉ Cross Cultural Health Care Program (CCHCP). Answer: materials
to improve cultural competency among health providers to provide
healthcare interventions and other cultural variants
◉ Marginalization. Answer: Major cause of vulnerability referring to
exposure to a range of possible harms
◉ Variables at risk for marginalization. Answer: high risk health
literacy, cultural barriers, low english proficiency
◉ Cultural competence. Answer: a dynamic, fluid, continuous
process whereby an individual, system or health care agency find
meaningful and useful care delivery strategies based on knowledge
of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those
whom they render care
◉ Norms & values. Answer: soecific practices that guide the actions
and decisions of each person in a group based on their culture. Can
be learned or shared.
, ◉ Kleinman Explanatory Model. Answer: A set of questions that the
APN can use in order to assess the culture of a patient.
◉ Socioeconomic status. Answer: A measure that takes into account
three interrelated dimensions: a person's income level, education
level, and typ of occupation.
◉ Disparities. Answer: a higher burden of illness, injury, disability,
or mortality experiences by one grup relative to another
◉ Minorities. Answer: a group of people who because of their
physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the other in
society
◉ Food desert. Answer: neighborhoods and communities that have
limited access to affordable and nutritious foods
◉ Social determinants of health. Answer: poverty, education level,
raciam, income, and poor housisng that effect access to healthcare
◉ Social justice theory. Answer: the goal that all people will have
equal opportunity to healthcare access and quality of healthcare will
be the same
