HSC 220 - EXAM 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Long bones - Answers Provide strength and mobility - ex. Femur, humerus
Periosteum - Answers Thin, outer membrane that covers the outer surface of bones, contains nerve
and blood vessels
Epiphysis - Answers Rounded end of long bone that articulates with other bones
Diaphysis - Answers Long, main shaft of bone
Short bones - Answers Provide stability and support - ex. Carpals and tarsals
Flat bones - Answers Provide protection and spots for muscle attachments - ex. Skull and ribs
Irregular bones - Answers Provides specialized support and movement - ex. Vertebrae
Sesamoid bones - Answers Reduce friction and enhance leverage - ex. Patella
Compact bone - Answers Hard, dense outer layer that provides structural support and protection
Spongy bone - Answers Located inside compact bone, less dense and found at the ends of long bones
and inside vertebrae
Bone marrow - Answers Red marrow = red and white blood cell production and platelets, yellow
marrow = stores fat
Osteon - Answers Formed by concentric layers of matrix called lamellae
Osteoblasts - Answers Form new bones and add growth to existing bone tissue
Osteoclasts - Answers Dissolve old and damaged bone tissue so it can be replaced with new, healthy
tissue
Osteocytes - Answers Help maintain bones and manage calcium balance
Bone remodeling - Answers Continuous process of replacing old bone with new bone
Osteoporosis - Answers When bones become brittle/have low bone density, causing easy breaks
Appendicular skeleton - Answers All the appendages of the skeleton (limbs) and the pelvic and
pectoral girdle
Axial skeleton - Answers The skull, vertebral column and rib cage
Vertebral column - Answers Holds spinal cord, provides muscle attachments for movement and
openings for nerves
Fibrous joints - Answers Nonmovable/immovable joints
Cartilaginous joints - Answers Semimovable joints
Synovial joints - Answers The most movable type of joint
Hinge joint - Answers Allows flexion and extension - ex. knee and elbow
Pivot joint - Answers Allows rotation on a single axis - ex. neck and forearm
Ball and socket joint - Answers Allows multidirectional movement - ex. shoulder and hip
Which muscle types are involuntary? - Answers Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
What are the three connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle? - Answers Epimysium, perimysium,
and endomysium
What are the two primary myofilaments found in sarcomeres? - Answers Actin (thin) and myosin
(thick)
Where is acetylcholine stored in the neuromuscular system? - Answers At the axon terminals
What happens to myofilaments during the sliding filament theory? - Answers They slide past each
other without shortening, causing the sarcomere to shorten
What is the primary difference between anaerobic and aerobic energy systems? - Answers Anaerobic
glycolysis does not require oxygen, while aerobic cellular respiration does
What is the 'all-or-none' principle in muscle contraction? - Answers All fibers in a motor unit contract
completely or not at all
How do slow-twitch muscle fibers differ from fast-twitch fibers? - Answers Slow fibers are for
endurance and resist fatigue; fast fibers are for explosive power and fatigue quickly
What is the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle? - Answers The origin is the fixed,
proximal end; the insertion is the moveable, distal end
What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist muscle? - Answers The agonist is the
prime mover, while the antagonist is the opposing mover
What is the difference between concentric and eccentric muscle actions? - Answers Concentric is
muscle shortening (lifting phase); eccentric is muscle lengthening (lowering phase)
What criteria are used to name muscles? - Answers Shape, size, fiber direction, location, attachment
site, number of attachments, and action
Which muscles are the prime movers for a barbell squat? - Answers Quadriceps and glutes
Long bones - Answers Provide strength and mobility - ex. Femur, humerus
Periosteum - Answers Thin, outer membrane that covers the outer surface of bones, contains nerve
and blood vessels
Epiphysis - Answers Rounded end of long bone that articulates with other bones
Diaphysis - Answers Long, main shaft of bone
Short bones - Answers Provide stability and support - ex. Carpals and tarsals
Flat bones - Answers Provide protection and spots for muscle attachments - ex. Skull and ribs
Irregular bones - Answers Provides specialized support and movement - ex. Vertebrae
Sesamoid bones - Answers Reduce friction and enhance leverage - ex. Patella
Compact bone - Answers Hard, dense outer layer that provides structural support and protection
Spongy bone - Answers Located inside compact bone, less dense and found at the ends of long bones
and inside vertebrae
Bone marrow - Answers Red marrow = red and white blood cell production and platelets, yellow
marrow = stores fat
Osteon - Answers Formed by concentric layers of matrix called lamellae
Osteoblasts - Answers Form new bones and add growth to existing bone tissue
Osteoclasts - Answers Dissolve old and damaged bone tissue so it can be replaced with new, healthy
tissue
Osteocytes - Answers Help maintain bones and manage calcium balance
Bone remodeling - Answers Continuous process of replacing old bone with new bone
Osteoporosis - Answers When bones become brittle/have low bone density, causing easy breaks
Appendicular skeleton - Answers All the appendages of the skeleton (limbs) and the pelvic and
pectoral girdle
Axial skeleton - Answers The skull, vertebral column and rib cage
Vertebral column - Answers Holds spinal cord, provides muscle attachments for movement and
openings for nerves
Fibrous joints - Answers Nonmovable/immovable joints
Cartilaginous joints - Answers Semimovable joints
Synovial joints - Answers The most movable type of joint
Hinge joint - Answers Allows flexion and extension - ex. knee and elbow
Pivot joint - Answers Allows rotation on a single axis - ex. neck and forearm
Ball and socket joint - Answers Allows multidirectional movement - ex. shoulder and hip
Which muscle types are involuntary? - Answers Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
What are the three connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle? - Answers Epimysium, perimysium,
and endomysium
What are the two primary myofilaments found in sarcomeres? - Answers Actin (thin) and myosin
(thick)
Where is acetylcholine stored in the neuromuscular system? - Answers At the axon terminals
What happens to myofilaments during the sliding filament theory? - Answers They slide past each
other without shortening, causing the sarcomere to shorten
What is the primary difference between anaerobic and aerobic energy systems? - Answers Anaerobic
glycolysis does not require oxygen, while aerobic cellular respiration does
What is the 'all-or-none' principle in muscle contraction? - Answers All fibers in a motor unit contract
completely or not at all
How do slow-twitch muscle fibers differ from fast-twitch fibers? - Answers Slow fibers are for
endurance and resist fatigue; fast fibers are for explosive power and fatigue quickly
What is the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle? - Answers The origin is the fixed,
proximal end; the insertion is the moveable, distal end
What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist muscle? - Answers The agonist is the
prime mover, while the antagonist is the opposing mover
What is the difference between concentric and eccentric muscle actions? - Answers Concentric is
muscle shortening (lifting phase); eccentric is muscle lengthening (lowering phase)
What criteria are used to name muscles? - Answers Shape, size, fiber direction, location, attachment
site, number of attachments, and action
Which muscles are the prime movers for a barbell squat? - Answers Quadriceps and glutes
