EDITED BY
JOHN S. DUNCAN
LEY SANDER
Epilepsy
A Queen Square Textbook
WILEY
,Epilepsy
,Epilepsy: A Queen FIRST
Square Textbook EDITION
Edited by
John S. Duncan and Ley Sander
UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology
Queen Square, London, UK
, This edition first published 2026
© 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence
technologies or similar technologies. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy-
ing, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to
reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of John S. Duncan and Ley Sander to be identified as the authors of the editorial
material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New Era House, 8 Oldlands Way, Bognor Regis, West Sussex,
PO22 9NQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about
Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
The manufacturer’s authorized representative according to the EU General Product
Safety Regulation is Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69,469 Weinheim, Germany,
e-mail: .
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand.
Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in
other formats.
Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may
not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their
respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor
mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding,
and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or
promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient.
In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations,
and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devic-
es, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert
or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes
in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While
the publisher and the authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, including a
review of the content of the work, neither the publisher nor the authors make any representa-
tions or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work
and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties
of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extend-
ed by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work.
The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/
or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors
endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or
recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher
is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein
may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropri-
ate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or
disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. N either the publisher
nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including
but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied for
Hardback ISBN: 9781394340033
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: Courtesy of Pr JS Duncan, Dr L Binding, Dr R Rodionov, provided with
the kind permission of UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Medical Illustration
Copyright 2025
Set in 9.5/12pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India
JOHN S. DUNCAN
LEY SANDER
Epilepsy
A Queen Square Textbook
WILEY
,Epilepsy
,Epilepsy: A Queen FIRST
Square Textbook EDITION
Edited by
John S. Duncan and Ley Sander
UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology
Queen Square, London, UK
, This edition first published 2026
© 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence
technologies or similar technologies. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy-
ing, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to
reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of John S. Duncan and Ley Sander to be identified as the authors of the editorial
material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New Era House, 8 Oldlands Way, Bognor Regis, West Sussex,
PO22 9NQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about
Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
The manufacturer’s authorized representative according to the EU General Product
Safety Regulation is Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69,469 Weinheim, Germany,
e-mail: .
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand.
Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in
other formats.
Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may
not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their
respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor
mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding,
and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or
promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient.
In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations,
and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devic-
es, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert
or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes
in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While
the publisher and the authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, including a
review of the content of the work, neither the publisher nor the authors make any representa-
tions or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work
and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties
of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extend-
ed by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work.
The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/
or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors
endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or
recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher
is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein
may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropri-
ate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or
disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. N either the publisher
nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including
but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied for
Hardback ISBN: 9781394340033
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: Courtesy of Pr JS Duncan, Dr L Binding, Dr R Rodionov, provided with
the kind permission of UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Medical Illustration
Copyright 2025
Set in 9.5/12pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India
