Galen NUR 210 Exam 2 Questions and
Answers | Verified | A+
• Renin Function . Answer: Enzyme released by juxtaglomerular cells that
activates the RAAS system to regulate blood pressure and sodium balance.
• Stimulus for Renin Release . Answer: Hypovolemia, hypotension, hypoxia, or
decreased renal perfusion.
• Erythropoietin . Answer: Hormone produced by kidneys that stimulates bone
marrow to increase red blood cell production.
• Vitamin D Activation . Answer: Kidneys convert vitamin D into its active form
(calciferol) to allow calcium absorption from the GI tract.
• Insulin Degradation . Answer: Kidneys metabolize about 20% of insulin
produced by the pancreas.
• Prostaglandins in Kidney . Answer: Vasodilators produced in the renal medulla
that increase renal blood flow.
• Kidney Excretory Functions . Answer: Maintain plasma osmolality, maintain
electrolyte balance, maintain water balance, excrete nitrogenous wastes such as
urea and H+ and potassium.
• Nephron . Answer: Functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion.
• Number of Nephrons . Answer: Approximately 1 million per kidney.
• Filtration . Answer: Movement of plasma across Bowman's capsule into filtrate
due to hydrostatic pressure.
• Reabsorption . Answer: Movement of substances from filtrate back into blood.
• Secretion . Answer: Active transport of substances from blood into the nephron
for excretion.
, • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) . Answer: Rate fluid filters from blood into
Bowman's capsule.
• Normal GFR . Answer: About 125 mL/min (range 80-125 mL/min).
• Factor Affecting GFR . Answer: Renal blood flow and cardiac output.
• Normal Urine Output . Answer: About 60 mL/hour in adults.
• Afferent Arteriole . Answer: Blood arrives at glomerulus through afferent
arteriole.
• Efferent Arteriole . Answer: Blood exits glomerulus through efferent arteriole.
• Major Site of Reabsorption . Answer: Proximal tubule.
• Sodium Reabsorption . Answer: 60-70% reabsorbed in proximal tubule.
• Loop of Henle Descending . Answer: Water reabsorption occurs.
• Loop of Henle Ascending . Answer: Sodium and chloride reabsorbed;
impermeable to water.
• Distal Tubule Hormone . Answer: Aldosterone acts here to increase sodium
reabsorption.
• Collecting Tubule Hormone . Answer: ADH acts here to increase water
reabsorption.
• RAAS Purpose . Answer: Regulates extracellular fluid volume and blood
pressure.
• RAAS Activation . Answer: Decreased renal perfusion, hypovolemia,
hypotension, hypoxia.
• Step 1 RAAS . Answer: Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
• Step 2 RAAS . Answer: ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in lungs.
Answers | Verified | A+
• Renin Function . Answer: Enzyme released by juxtaglomerular cells that
activates the RAAS system to regulate blood pressure and sodium balance.
• Stimulus for Renin Release . Answer: Hypovolemia, hypotension, hypoxia, or
decreased renal perfusion.
• Erythropoietin . Answer: Hormone produced by kidneys that stimulates bone
marrow to increase red blood cell production.
• Vitamin D Activation . Answer: Kidneys convert vitamin D into its active form
(calciferol) to allow calcium absorption from the GI tract.
• Insulin Degradation . Answer: Kidneys metabolize about 20% of insulin
produced by the pancreas.
• Prostaglandins in Kidney . Answer: Vasodilators produced in the renal medulla
that increase renal blood flow.
• Kidney Excretory Functions . Answer: Maintain plasma osmolality, maintain
electrolyte balance, maintain water balance, excrete nitrogenous wastes such as
urea and H+ and potassium.
• Nephron . Answer: Functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion.
• Number of Nephrons . Answer: Approximately 1 million per kidney.
• Filtration . Answer: Movement of plasma across Bowman's capsule into filtrate
due to hydrostatic pressure.
• Reabsorption . Answer: Movement of substances from filtrate back into blood.
• Secretion . Answer: Active transport of substances from blood into the nephron
for excretion.
, • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) . Answer: Rate fluid filters from blood into
Bowman's capsule.
• Normal GFR . Answer: About 125 mL/min (range 80-125 mL/min).
• Factor Affecting GFR . Answer: Renal blood flow and cardiac output.
• Normal Urine Output . Answer: About 60 mL/hour in adults.
• Afferent Arteriole . Answer: Blood arrives at glomerulus through afferent
arteriole.
• Efferent Arteriole . Answer: Blood exits glomerulus through efferent arteriole.
• Major Site of Reabsorption . Answer: Proximal tubule.
• Sodium Reabsorption . Answer: 60-70% reabsorbed in proximal tubule.
• Loop of Henle Descending . Answer: Water reabsorption occurs.
• Loop of Henle Ascending . Answer: Sodium and chloride reabsorbed;
impermeable to water.
• Distal Tubule Hormone . Answer: Aldosterone acts here to increase sodium
reabsorption.
• Collecting Tubule Hormone . Answer: ADH acts here to increase water
reabsorption.
• RAAS Purpose . Answer: Regulates extracellular fluid volume and blood
pressure.
• RAAS Activation . Answer: Decreased renal perfusion, hypovolemia,
hypotension, hypoxia.
• Step 1 RAAS . Answer: Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
• Step 2 RAAS . Answer: ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in lungs.
