HLT 143 EXAM 3 2026 FINAL PAPER
DELIVERING FULLY SOLVED CONTENT
◉Risk factors for HF. Answer: •Hypertension
•Modifiable risk factor
•If aggressively treated and managed, incidence of HF can be
reduced by 50%
•Coronary artery disease (CAD)
•Co-morbidities
◉Right Heart Failure. Answer: •RV does not pump effectively
•Fluid backs up in venous system
•Fluid moves into tissues and organs
•Left-sided HF is most common cause
•Other causes include RV infarction, PE, COPD, obstructive sleep
apnea (OSA) and cor pulmonale
•Leads to...
•Peripheral edema and JVD
•N/V, bloating (venous pooling in abdomen)
,◉Left Heart Failure. Answer: •Most common form of HF
•Results from inability of left ventricle to
•Empty adequately during systole, or
•Fill adequately during diastole
•Further classified as
•HFrEF (systolic HF)
•HFpEF (diastolic HF)
•Or combination of the two
•Blood backs up into left atrium (LA)
•Increased pulmonary hydrostatic pressure causes pulmonary
congestion and edema
•Leads to...
•Pulmonary congestion and edema
•SOB, cough, hemoptysis
◉HFrEF. Answer: systolic failure
•Inability to pump blood effectively
•Caused by
•Impaired contractile function
•Increased afterload
•Mechanical abnormalities
•Decreased LV ejection fraction (LVEF)
,◉HFpEF. Answer: diastolic HF
•Inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole, resulting
in decreased stroke volume and CO
•Primary cause is HTN
◉Biventricular Failure. Answer: •Inability of both ventricles to
pump effectively
•Fluid build-up and venous engorgement
•Decreased perfusion to vital organs
◉Acute HF Prioritize Hypothesis: Diagnostics. Answer: •Cholesterol-
Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides
•Triage Cardiac panel- Chest pain emergencies-
•CK- MB- Looking for damaged tissue
•Troponin
•BNP!!! (BIG ONE) Natriuretic peptides: Atrial natriuretic peptide
(ANP), b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (ventricular)
•CBC and BMP- Look for anemia and electrolytes
◉Chronic HF Diagnostics. Answer: •Diagnostics
•Serum electrolytes
•BUN, creatinine (measure of kidney function)
, •Liver function tests
•BNP (measures the increase in stretch of the heart with volume
overload)
•Chest x-ray (looking for pulmonary edema and heart enlargement)
•Echocardiogram (assessing cardiac function)
•ECG
O2 saturation
◉Basic principles of care for chronic HF. Answer: •HF is a
progressive disease
•Treatment plans established with quality-of-life goals
•Symptom management depends on adherence to self-management
protocols
•Precipitating factors, etiologies, and comorbidity conditions must
be addressed
•Complex care needs often require multiple settings, increasing
fragmented care
•Support systems are essential to success
◉Chronic HF solutions/ treatments. Answer: •Nutritional therapy
•Diet and weight reduction: Individualize recommendations and
consider cultural background
•Recommend Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)
diet.
DELIVERING FULLY SOLVED CONTENT
◉Risk factors for HF. Answer: •Hypertension
•Modifiable risk factor
•If aggressively treated and managed, incidence of HF can be
reduced by 50%
•Coronary artery disease (CAD)
•Co-morbidities
◉Right Heart Failure. Answer: •RV does not pump effectively
•Fluid backs up in venous system
•Fluid moves into tissues and organs
•Left-sided HF is most common cause
•Other causes include RV infarction, PE, COPD, obstructive sleep
apnea (OSA) and cor pulmonale
•Leads to...
•Peripheral edema and JVD
•N/V, bloating (venous pooling in abdomen)
,◉Left Heart Failure. Answer: •Most common form of HF
•Results from inability of left ventricle to
•Empty adequately during systole, or
•Fill adequately during diastole
•Further classified as
•HFrEF (systolic HF)
•HFpEF (diastolic HF)
•Or combination of the two
•Blood backs up into left atrium (LA)
•Increased pulmonary hydrostatic pressure causes pulmonary
congestion and edema
•Leads to...
•Pulmonary congestion and edema
•SOB, cough, hemoptysis
◉HFrEF. Answer: systolic failure
•Inability to pump blood effectively
•Caused by
•Impaired contractile function
•Increased afterload
•Mechanical abnormalities
•Decreased LV ejection fraction (LVEF)
,◉HFpEF. Answer: diastolic HF
•Inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole, resulting
in decreased stroke volume and CO
•Primary cause is HTN
◉Biventricular Failure. Answer: •Inability of both ventricles to
pump effectively
•Fluid build-up and venous engorgement
•Decreased perfusion to vital organs
◉Acute HF Prioritize Hypothesis: Diagnostics. Answer: •Cholesterol-
Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides
•Triage Cardiac panel- Chest pain emergencies-
•CK- MB- Looking for damaged tissue
•Troponin
•BNP!!! (BIG ONE) Natriuretic peptides: Atrial natriuretic peptide
(ANP), b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (ventricular)
•CBC and BMP- Look for anemia and electrolytes
◉Chronic HF Diagnostics. Answer: •Diagnostics
•Serum electrolytes
•BUN, creatinine (measure of kidney function)
, •Liver function tests
•BNP (measures the increase in stretch of the heart with volume
overload)
•Chest x-ray (looking for pulmonary edema and heart enlargement)
•Echocardiogram (assessing cardiac function)
•ECG
O2 saturation
◉Basic principles of care for chronic HF. Answer: •HF is a
progressive disease
•Treatment plans established with quality-of-life goals
•Symptom management depends on adherence to self-management
protocols
•Precipitating factors, etiologies, and comorbidity conditions must
be addressed
•Complex care needs often require multiple settings, increasing
fragmented care
•Support systems are essential to success
◉Chronic HF solutions/ treatments. Answer: •Nutritional therapy
•Diet and weight reduction: Individualize recommendations and
consider cultural background
•Recommend Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)
diet.
