Chapter 2 – Anatomy and Physiology
Muscles Tip Sheet
Muscular System – Covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton; function is to produce
all body movements. Muscles are made of millions of tiny protein filaments that work
together to produce motion in the body. There are 630 muscles that make the body
move.
a. Myology – The study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles
b. Muscle quantity – Muscular system consists of more than 630 muscles, large
and small, which make up approximately 40 percent of the body’s weight.
c. Muscle Construction – Fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract.
d. Types of Muscular Tissue
● Striated – Striped; skeletal or voluntary tissues that are controlled by the
will; they create heat and energy during muscle contraction, assist in
maintaining body’s posture, and protect some internal organs. Examples
are: facial, arm, leg muscles. Skeletal muscles make up about 40% of the
body’s weight.
● Non-striated – Involuntary, visceral, or smooth muscles; they function
automatically, without conscious thought or will; found in the internal
organs such as the digestive or respiratory system.
● Cardiac – Heart muscles found only in the heart. They power the action
that pumps blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscles are also
involuntary because they cannot be consciously controlled.
e. Muscle Parts
● Origin – the place of attachment of a muscle to an immovable section of
the skeleton. It is the more fixed part of the muscle.
● Belly – The middle part of the muscle.
, 1
Chapter 2 – Anatomy and Physiology
Muscles Tip Sheet
● Insertion – The portion of the muscle that is the movable attachment and
farthest from the skeleton. Pressure in massage is usually directed from
the insertion to the origin. Toward the Heart/Brain.
f. Stimulation of Muscles
● Massage – By hand or electric vibrator.
● Electric current – High-frequency and faradic current.
● Light rays – Infrared, light-emitting diode (LED), or ultraviolet radiation.
● Heat rays – Heading lamps and caps.
● Moist heat – Steamers and steamed towels.
● Nerve impulses - Through the nervous system.
● Chemicals – Certain acids and salts.
g. Muscles of the Scalp
● Epicranius or occipito-frontalis – Board muscle covering the top of the
skull.
● Occipitalis – Back part.
● Frontalis – Front part. Raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead ●
Epicranial aponeurosis – Tendon that connects occipitalis and frontalis.
h. Muscles of the ear
● Auricularis superior – Draws ear upward
● Auricularis anterior – Draws ear forward
● Auricularis posterior – Draws ear backward
i. Muscles of Mastication – Referred to as the chewing muscles. These muscle
coordinate to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward or
backward. ● Masseter
● Temporalis
Muscles Tip Sheet
Muscular System – Covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton; function is to produce
all body movements. Muscles are made of millions of tiny protein filaments that work
together to produce motion in the body. There are 630 muscles that make the body
move.
a. Myology – The study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles
b. Muscle quantity – Muscular system consists of more than 630 muscles, large
and small, which make up approximately 40 percent of the body’s weight.
c. Muscle Construction – Fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract.
d. Types of Muscular Tissue
● Striated – Striped; skeletal or voluntary tissues that are controlled by the
will; they create heat and energy during muscle contraction, assist in
maintaining body’s posture, and protect some internal organs. Examples
are: facial, arm, leg muscles. Skeletal muscles make up about 40% of the
body’s weight.
● Non-striated – Involuntary, visceral, or smooth muscles; they function
automatically, without conscious thought or will; found in the internal
organs such as the digestive or respiratory system.
● Cardiac – Heart muscles found only in the heart. They power the action
that pumps blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscles are also
involuntary because they cannot be consciously controlled.
e. Muscle Parts
● Origin – the place of attachment of a muscle to an immovable section of
the skeleton. It is the more fixed part of the muscle.
● Belly – The middle part of the muscle.
, 1
Chapter 2 – Anatomy and Physiology
Muscles Tip Sheet
● Insertion – The portion of the muscle that is the movable attachment and
farthest from the skeleton. Pressure in massage is usually directed from
the insertion to the origin. Toward the Heart/Brain.
f. Stimulation of Muscles
● Massage – By hand or electric vibrator.
● Electric current – High-frequency and faradic current.
● Light rays – Infrared, light-emitting diode (LED), or ultraviolet radiation.
● Heat rays – Heading lamps and caps.
● Moist heat – Steamers and steamed towels.
● Nerve impulses - Through the nervous system.
● Chemicals – Certain acids and salts.
g. Muscles of the Scalp
● Epicranius or occipito-frontalis – Board muscle covering the top of the
skull.
● Occipitalis – Back part.
● Frontalis – Front part. Raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead ●
Epicranial aponeurosis – Tendon that connects occipitalis and frontalis.
h. Muscles of the ear
● Auricularis superior – Draws ear upward
● Auricularis anterior – Draws ear forward
● Auricularis posterior – Draws ear backward
i. Muscles of Mastication – Referred to as the chewing muscles. These muscle
coordinate to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward or
backward. ● Masseter
● Temporalis
