BIO 210 Final Exam Review
Define anatomy. - answer The study of structure.
Define physiology. - answer The study of function.
Define homeostasis. - answer The body's ability to maintain a constant internal
environment.
Define metabolism. - answer The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within
body cells, including catabolism (the breaking down of larger, more complex substances
into smaller, simpler building blocks) and anabolism (the building of larger, more
complex substances from smaller, simpler building blocks).
Define stimuli. - answer Changes.
List the structural levels of organization from simplest to most complex. Explain each
level. - answer1. Atom - the basic unit of a chemical element
2. Molecule - 2 or more atoms chemically bonded together
3. Cell - the smallest living component of a living being
4. Tissue - a group of cells that performs a specific function
5. Organ - a group of different tissues that performs a specific function
6. Organ System - a group of different organs that performs a specific function
7. Organism - a group of different organ systems that work together to maintain life
Differentiate between negative feedback and positive feedback. - answerNegative
feedback: original stimulus and response are opposites
Positive feedback: original stimulus and response are the same
Differentiate between visceral and parietal membranes. Name the fluid found between
these membranes. - answerVisceral membranes are located on the surface of the
organs. Parietal membranes line the cavity in which the organ is located.
Serous fluid
Define atom. - answerThe basic unit of a chemical element
Define element. - answerA unique substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary
chemical methods
Describe the structure of an atom. List the subatomic particles and their charges, and
give their locations in the atom. - answerAtoms are made up of 3 different subatomic
particles:
,1. Protons - positive charge
2. Neutrons - no charge
3. Electrons - negative charge
The nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons, has an overall positive charge and lies
in the middle of the atom. Surrounding the nucleus are energy levels (or shells) that
house electrons. These negatively charged electrons orbit around the nucleus (due to
the magnetic attraction between positive and negative charges).
Differentiate between atomic number and atomic mass. - answerAtomic number:
number of protons
Atomic mass: number of protons + number of neutrons
Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonding. - answerIonic bonding: also called
electron transfer, one atom loses one or more electrons and becomes positively
charged while the other atom gains one or more electrons and becomes negatively
charged. The attraction between positive and negative charges holds the two atoms
together.
Covalent bonding: also called electron sharing, two atoms share one or more pairs of
electrons
Differentiate between cations and anions. - answerCations: positively charged ions
Anions: negatively charged ions
Differentiate between inorganic and organic molecules. - answerOrganic compounds:
contain carbon, made by living things, covalently bonded
Inorganic compounds: usually do not contain carbon (a few exceptions - carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide)
Name the most important inorganic molecule and explain its importance. - answerWater
1. High heat capacity (absorbs/releases large amounts of heat before changing in
temperature)
2. High heat of vaporization (requires large amounts of heat to be absorbed for
hydrogen bonds to break in order to vaporize)
3. Universal solvent (almost anything will dissolve into water with the exception of lipids)
4. Reactivity
5. Cushioning
6. Forms hydration layers
Differentiate between acids, bases, and salts. - answerAcids: high concentration of H+,
low concentration of OH-, low pH
Bases: low concentration of H+, high concentration of OH-, high pH
, Salts: release ions other than H+ and OH- when dissociating
All are inorganic compounds, ionic compounds, and electrolytes.
Describe the change in pH if hydrogen ions are added to a solution. - answerpH goes
down if hydrogen ions are added
Describe the change in pH if hydrogen ions are removed from a solution. - answerpH
goes up if hydrogen ions are removed
Define buffer. - answerA substance that is added to a solution in order to counteract an
acid or base and maintain a stable pH
List and give general function(s) of the major organic molecules found in the human
body. Name the building block of each (for lipid: name the building blocks of
triglycerides). - answer1. Carbohydrates - monosaccharide (simple sugar)
2. Lipids - 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
3. Proteins - amino acids
4. Nucleic acids - nucleotides (sugar molecule + phosphate + nitrogenous base)
Name the high-energy molecule that cells utilize. Describe how energy is released from
this molecule. - answerAdenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The third phosphate group is broken off, forming adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and
converting the stored energy from that bond into kinetic energy.
Define enzyme. - answerA globular protein that acts as a biological catalyst (increases
the rates of chemical reactions within the body)
Define substrate. - answerThe substance that an enzyme acts on
Differentiate between RNA and DNA. Name the monosaccharide found in RNA and
name the monosaccharide found in DNA. List the nitrogenous bases found in RNA and
in DNA. - answerRNA: ribonucleic acid - functions in protein synthesis, monosaccharide
is ribose, nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid - hereditary material of cells, monosaccharide is
deoxyribose, nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
Define cell. - answerThe smallest unit of life
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. - answerStructurally, the plasma
membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. Glycerol phosphate groups lie on the inside and
outside of the plasma membrane, and between these, 2 fatty acids are attached to each
glycerol head.
Define anatomy. - answer The study of structure.
Define physiology. - answer The study of function.
Define homeostasis. - answer The body's ability to maintain a constant internal
environment.
Define metabolism. - answer The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within
body cells, including catabolism (the breaking down of larger, more complex substances
into smaller, simpler building blocks) and anabolism (the building of larger, more
complex substances from smaller, simpler building blocks).
Define stimuli. - answer Changes.
List the structural levels of organization from simplest to most complex. Explain each
level. - answer1. Atom - the basic unit of a chemical element
2. Molecule - 2 or more atoms chemically bonded together
3. Cell - the smallest living component of a living being
4. Tissue - a group of cells that performs a specific function
5. Organ - a group of different tissues that performs a specific function
6. Organ System - a group of different organs that performs a specific function
7. Organism - a group of different organ systems that work together to maintain life
Differentiate between negative feedback and positive feedback. - answerNegative
feedback: original stimulus and response are opposites
Positive feedback: original stimulus and response are the same
Differentiate between visceral and parietal membranes. Name the fluid found between
these membranes. - answerVisceral membranes are located on the surface of the
organs. Parietal membranes line the cavity in which the organ is located.
Serous fluid
Define atom. - answerThe basic unit of a chemical element
Define element. - answerA unique substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary
chemical methods
Describe the structure of an atom. List the subatomic particles and their charges, and
give their locations in the atom. - answerAtoms are made up of 3 different subatomic
particles:
,1. Protons - positive charge
2. Neutrons - no charge
3. Electrons - negative charge
The nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons, has an overall positive charge and lies
in the middle of the atom. Surrounding the nucleus are energy levels (or shells) that
house electrons. These negatively charged electrons orbit around the nucleus (due to
the magnetic attraction between positive and negative charges).
Differentiate between atomic number and atomic mass. - answerAtomic number:
number of protons
Atomic mass: number of protons + number of neutrons
Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonding. - answerIonic bonding: also called
electron transfer, one atom loses one or more electrons and becomes positively
charged while the other atom gains one or more electrons and becomes negatively
charged. The attraction between positive and negative charges holds the two atoms
together.
Covalent bonding: also called electron sharing, two atoms share one or more pairs of
electrons
Differentiate between cations and anions. - answerCations: positively charged ions
Anions: negatively charged ions
Differentiate between inorganic and organic molecules. - answerOrganic compounds:
contain carbon, made by living things, covalently bonded
Inorganic compounds: usually do not contain carbon (a few exceptions - carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide)
Name the most important inorganic molecule and explain its importance. - answerWater
1. High heat capacity (absorbs/releases large amounts of heat before changing in
temperature)
2. High heat of vaporization (requires large amounts of heat to be absorbed for
hydrogen bonds to break in order to vaporize)
3. Universal solvent (almost anything will dissolve into water with the exception of lipids)
4. Reactivity
5. Cushioning
6. Forms hydration layers
Differentiate between acids, bases, and salts. - answerAcids: high concentration of H+,
low concentration of OH-, low pH
Bases: low concentration of H+, high concentration of OH-, high pH
, Salts: release ions other than H+ and OH- when dissociating
All are inorganic compounds, ionic compounds, and electrolytes.
Describe the change in pH if hydrogen ions are added to a solution. - answerpH goes
down if hydrogen ions are added
Describe the change in pH if hydrogen ions are removed from a solution. - answerpH
goes up if hydrogen ions are removed
Define buffer. - answerA substance that is added to a solution in order to counteract an
acid or base and maintain a stable pH
List and give general function(s) of the major organic molecules found in the human
body. Name the building block of each (for lipid: name the building blocks of
triglycerides). - answer1. Carbohydrates - monosaccharide (simple sugar)
2. Lipids - 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
3. Proteins - amino acids
4. Nucleic acids - nucleotides (sugar molecule + phosphate + nitrogenous base)
Name the high-energy molecule that cells utilize. Describe how energy is released from
this molecule. - answerAdenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The third phosphate group is broken off, forming adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and
converting the stored energy from that bond into kinetic energy.
Define enzyme. - answerA globular protein that acts as a biological catalyst (increases
the rates of chemical reactions within the body)
Define substrate. - answerThe substance that an enzyme acts on
Differentiate between RNA and DNA. Name the monosaccharide found in RNA and
name the monosaccharide found in DNA. List the nitrogenous bases found in RNA and
in DNA. - answerRNA: ribonucleic acid - functions in protein synthesis, monosaccharide
is ribose, nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid - hereditary material of cells, monosaccharide is
deoxyribose, nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
Define cell. - answerThe smallest unit of life
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. - answerStructurally, the plasma
membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. Glycerol phosphate groups lie on the inside and
outside of the plasma membrane, and between these, 2 fatty acids are attached to each
glycerol head.
