AHN 447 EXAM 1 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
1. ADPIE: Assessing, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
2. define clinical reasoning: process which nurses make informed and responsible clinical decisions and
address patient problems
3. define hemodynamics: measurement of physical factors and forces that attect cardiac output
4. central venous pressure (CVP): requires a central line, reflects R atrial pressures, gives an idea of pt's
fluid volume status
5. arterial line: placed in an artery, provides continuous BP monitoring, can see distinct BP changes in seconds
6. pulmonary artery catheter (aka a Swan Ganz cath): very invasive, used in cardiac patients
and monitors CVP, SVR, PAP, PCWP, CO, CI, temp, SVO2
7. define transducer: converts the pressure in the body to electrical signals
8. where is the transducer placed at?: leveled at the phlebostatic axis (4th ICS, mid axillary line)
9. define amplifier: converts electrical signals into readable information; continuous pressure measures
10. standardization of equipment for the transducer: level of transducer, zero balancing, check
once/shift unless the patient is moving
11. arterial pressure monitoring: continuous and direct BP measure, placed in an artery, treated like a
central line, recommended placement of radial artery in the non-dominant hand, easy access for ABGS and pt's needing
frequent bloodwork
12. Allen's test: easy test to determine patency of ulnar artery; pt clenches fist while palpating both arteries, have
pt unclench, palpate ulnar artery only
13. MAP formula: systolic BP + (2 x diastolic BP) / 3
14. MAP example 1: BP 120/60
120+(2x60)/3 = 80
15. MAP example 2: BP 100/70
100+(2x70)/3 = 80
16. neurovascular evaluation: 5 Ps; pain, pulse, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis
17. pulmonary artery catheterization: direct measure of pressure in right heart, left heart, and great
vessels, measures cardiac output and blood temp, directed inserted into the heart, best to be inserted in the R or L
jugular or subclavian veins
18. R arterial pressure: CVP, 2-5mmHg normal range, reflection of preload, fluid is returning back to the R
atrium, high values can be caused by R sided heart failure
19. high value R arterial pressure meaning: fluid overload
20. low value R arterial pressure meaning: fluid volume depleted
, AHN 447 EXAM 1 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
21. pulmonary artery pressure: PAP, 20-30/10mmHg normal range, indicator of overall volume status,
reflects the pressure in the lungs or pulmonary system
22. high value pulmonary artery pressure meaning: pulmonary HTN
23. pulmonary capillary occlusion pressure: known as wedge pressure, number you get when you
inflate the balloon, blocks the R side of the heart to measure the L side heart function, 5-12mmHg normal range, most
accurate at the end of expiratory
24. what is the normal value for cardiac output?: 3-6L/min
25. what is the normal value for cardiac index?: 2.8-4.2L/min (height and weight is included)
26. systemic vascular resistance: 800-1200dynes/sec/cm normal range, assessment of afterload
27. systemic vascular resistance formula: (MAP - CVP) x80/CO
28. SVO2: 60-80% normal range, reflection of overall metabolic state, good tool for shock; septic or cardiogenic
29. SVO2 hypermetabolic state: less O2
30. SVO2 hypometabolic state: more O2
31. pulmonary artery catheter complications: PA rupture, PA infarction, catheter migration, infec- tion,
air emboli
32. pulmonary artery catheter complications leading to death?: PA rupture and PA
infarction
33. pulmonary artery catheter complications that are common?: catheter migration
34. what would you do if a patient got a pulmonary artery catheter complication
of an air emboli?: put pt in R Trendelenburg position
35. cardiac output function: amount of blood ejected from the L ventricle each minute; evaluation of L
ventricle function
36. cardiac output formula: CO = SV x HR
37. stroke volume: the amount of blood ejected from the L ventricle each beat
38. preload: the amount of blood return entering the R atrium, measured as CVP
39. afterload: indicator of the force of resistance the heart has to overcome to empty oxygenated blood to the
aorta; measured as SVR
40. factors that influence preload: hyper/hypovolemia, venous obstruction
41. factors that influence stroke volume: preload, afterload, contractility of L ventricle
42. factors that influence afterload: hyper/hypotension, body temp, volume status, sepsis, neurogenic
shock
43. contractility is: ejection fraction
1. ADPIE: Assessing, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
2. define clinical reasoning: process which nurses make informed and responsible clinical decisions and
address patient problems
3. define hemodynamics: measurement of physical factors and forces that attect cardiac output
4. central venous pressure (CVP): requires a central line, reflects R atrial pressures, gives an idea of pt's
fluid volume status
5. arterial line: placed in an artery, provides continuous BP monitoring, can see distinct BP changes in seconds
6. pulmonary artery catheter (aka a Swan Ganz cath): very invasive, used in cardiac patients
and monitors CVP, SVR, PAP, PCWP, CO, CI, temp, SVO2
7. define transducer: converts the pressure in the body to electrical signals
8. where is the transducer placed at?: leveled at the phlebostatic axis (4th ICS, mid axillary line)
9. define amplifier: converts electrical signals into readable information; continuous pressure measures
10. standardization of equipment for the transducer: level of transducer, zero balancing, check
once/shift unless the patient is moving
11. arterial pressure monitoring: continuous and direct BP measure, placed in an artery, treated like a
central line, recommended placement of radial artery in the non-dominant hand, easy access for ABGS and pt's needing
frequent bloodwork
12. Allen's test: easy test to determine patency of ulnar artery; pt clenches fist while palpating both arteries, have
pt unclench, palpate ulnar artery only
13. MAP formula: systolic BP + (2 x diastolic BP) / 3
14. MAP example 1: BP 120/60
120+(2x60)/3 = 80
15. MAP example 2: BP 100/70
100+(2x70)/3 = 80
16. neurovascular evaluation: 5 Ps; pain, pulse, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis
17. pulmonary artery catheterization: direct measure of pressure in right heart, left heart, and great
vessels, measures cardiac output and blood temp, directed inserted into the heart, best to be inserted in the R or L
jugular or subclavian veins
18. R arterial pressure: CVP, 2-5mmHg normal range, reflection of preload, fluid is returning back to the R
atrium, high values can be caused by R sided heart failure
19. high value R arterial pressure meaning: fluid overload
20. low value R arterial pressure meaning: fluid volume depleted
, AHN 447 EXAM 1 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
21. pulmonary artery pressure: PAP, 20-30/10mmHg normal range, indicator of overall volume status,
reflects the pressure in the lungs or pulmonary system
22. high value pulmonary artery pressure meaning: pulmonary HTN
23. pulmonary capillary occlusion pressure: known as wedge pressure, number you get when you
inflate the balloon, blocks the R side of the heart to measure the L side heart function, 5-12mmHg normal range, most
accurate at the end of expiratory
24. what is the normal value for cardiac output?: 3-6L/min
25. what is the normal value for cardiac index?: 2.8-4.2L/min (height and weight is included)
26. systemic vascular resistance: 800-1200dynes/sec/cm normal range, assessment of afterload
27. systemic vascular resistance formula: (MAP - CVP) x80/CO
28. SVO2: 60-80% normal range, reflection of overall metabolic state, good tool for shock; septic or cardiogenic
29. SVO2 hypermetabolic state: less O2
30. SVO2 hypometabolic state: more O2
31. pulmonary artery catheter complications: PA rupture, PA infarction, catheter migration, infec- tion,
air emboli
32. pulmonary artery catheter complications leading to death?: PA rupture and PA
infarction
33. pulmonary artery catheter complications that are common?: catheter migration
34. what would you do if a patient got a pulmonary artery catheter complication
of an air emboli?: put pt in R Trendelenburg position
35. cardiac output function: amount of blood ejected from the L ventricle each minute; evaluation of L
ventricle function
36. cardiac output formula: CO = SV x HR
37. stroke volume: the amount of blood ejected from the L ventricle each beat
38. preload: the amount of blood return entering the R atrium, measured as CVP
39. afterload: indicator of the force of resistance the heart has to overcome to empty oxygenated blood to the
aorta; measured as SVR
40. factors that influence preload: hyper/hypovolemia, venous obstruction
41. factors that influence stroke volume: preload, afterload, contractility of L ventricle
42. factors that influence afterload: hyper/hypotension, body temp, volume status, sepsis, neurogenic
shock
43. contractility is: ejection fraction
