PSY 256 UNCW, Kohman Exam 2 Study Guide
lesion/ablation - ANSWER destroy part of the brain for experimental purposes
Different ways to cause lesions - ANSWER Radio frequency, excitotoxic lesions,
sham lesions
electrolytic lesion/radio frequency - ANSWER lesion caused by electrode
dropped on the brain. burns everything that electrode touches.
excitotoxic lesions - ANSWER use chemicals to cause lesion, can be more
specific on what part/ which neurons is destroyed
ex:kainic acid>binds to glutamate and causes neuron to overexcite and die.
Sham lesion - ANSWER control group. animal has everything else done to them
except for the actual lesion.
stereotaxic surgery - ANSWER how they put a tip of an electrode to a precise
location.
stereotaxic apparatus - ANSWER what is used to steady head and position
electrode of stereotaxic surgery. halo is an example for this.
bregma - ANSWER when the coronal and sagittal fontanelle fuses... this
becomes 0 on the stereotaxic atlas. where they base all of the movements from
fixation - ANSWER process of preserving brain tissue
formalin - ANSWER most commonly used fixative, halts autolysis (rotting)
cryostat - ANSWER meat slicer within a fridge.
microtome - ANSWER meat slicer
nissil stain - ANSWER stains cell bodies.
antigen - ANSWER forgein object that antibodies bind to
antibody variable region - ANSWER top of y... also called antigen binding site
light chain - ANSWER top half of Y antibody
heavy chain - ANSWER bottom half of Y antibody
, amplification of signal - ANSWER secondary antibody attaches to heavy chain of
first to tag another anti-antibody
immunofluorescence - ANSWER antibodies with fluorescence properties (tags)
co label things
Computer axial tomography(CAT or CT) - ANSWER x-rays. have to do several to
get several angles and low resolution
MRI (Magnetic Resonance imaging) - ANSWER uses extremely strong magnetic
field to disrupt protons. measures radio waves and has better resolution than
CAT
Diffusion tensor Imaging (DTI) - ANSWER monitors hydrogen atoms (water)
movement because those detects white matter tracts. can tract axons coming
from particular part of brain
microelectrodes - ANSWER used to record neural activity of individual neurons.
macroelectrodes - ANSWER records neural activity of bigger area of neurons.
used in EEGs
EEGs - ANSWER record of electrical activity on paper from macroelectrodes
positron emission tomography (PET) - ANSWER injection of radioactive
deoxyglucose, emit positrons, areas that use most glucose emit most signal.
expensive
functional MRI (fMRI) - ANSWER detects oxygen levels in blood. more blood flow
in a region of brain=more activity. can assess neural activity during event...
works by light sensitive neuron channels
optogenetics - ANSWER taking gene from light sensitive algae... put it into
neuron... now you can activate neuron with a certain light.
transgenic - ANSWER add gene from another species to animal; ex: amyloid beta
is something mice don't have aka no alzheimers
knock out animals - ANSWER delete a gene and see effects
conditional knock out - ANSWER delete gene at specific: organ, age, or cell type
psychopharmacology - ANSWER study of the effects of drugs on nervous system
and behavior
lesion/ablation - ANSWER destroy part of the brain for experimental purposes
Different ways to cause lesions - ANSWER Radio frequency, excitotoxic lesions,
sham lesions
electrolytic lesion/radio frequency - ANSWER lesion caused by electrode
dropped on the brain. burns everything that electrode touches.
excitotoxic lesions - ANSWER use chemicals to cause lesion, can be more
specific on what part/ which neurons is destroyed
ex:kainic acid>binds to glutamate and causes neuron to overexcite and die.
Sham lesion - ANSWER control group. animal has everything else done to them
except for the actual lesion.
stereotaxic surgery - ANSWER how they put a tip of an electrode to a precise
location.
stereotaxic apparatus - ANSWER what is used to steady head and position
electrode of stereotaxic surgery. halo is an example for this.
bregma - ANSWER when the coronal and sagittal fontanelle fuses... this
becomes 0 on the stereotaxic atlas. where they base all of the movements from
fixation - ANSWER process of preserving brain tissue
formalin - ANSWER most commonly used fixative, halts autolysis (rotting)
cryostat - ANSWER meat slicer within a fridge.
microtome - ANSWER meat slicer
nissil stain - ANSWER stains cell bodies.
antigen - ANSWER forgein object that antibodies bind to
antibody variable region - ANSWER top of y... also called antigen binding site
light chain - ANSWER top half of Y antibody
heavy chain - ANSWER bottom half of Y antibody
, amplification of signal - ANSWER secondary antibody attaches to heavy chain of
first to tag another anti-antibody
immunofluorescence - ANSWER antibodies with fluorescence properties (tags)
co label things
Computer axial tomography(CAT or CT) - ANSWER x-rays. have to do several to
get several angles and low resolution
MRI (Magnetic Resonance imaging) - ANSWER uses extremely strong magnetic
field to disrupt protons. measures radio waves and has better resolution than
CAT
Diffusion tensor Imaging (DTI) - ANSWER monitors hydrogen atoms (water)
movement because those detects white matter tracts. can tract axons coming
from particular part of brain
microelectrodes - ANSWER used to record neural activity of individual neurons.
macroelectrodes - ANSWER records neural activity of bigger area of neurons.
used in EEGs
EEGs - ANSWER record of electrical activity on paper from macroelectrodes
positron emission tomography (PET) - ANSWER injection of radioactive
deoxyglucose, emit positrons, areas that use most glucose emit most signal.
expensive
functional MRI (fMRI) - ANSWER detects oxygen levels in blood. more blood flow
in a region of brain=more activity. can assess neural activity during event...
works by light sensitive neuron channels
optogenetics - ANSWER taking gene from light sensitive algae... put it into
neuron... now you can activate neuron with a certain light.
transgenic - ANSWER add gene from another species to animal; ex: amyloid beta
is something mice don't have aka no alzheimers
knock out animals - ANSWER delete a gene and see effects
conditional knock out - ANSWER delete gene at specific: organ, age, or cell type
psychopharmacology - ANSWER study of the effects of drugs on nervous system
and behavior
