Nursing 250 Final Exam Questions and Answers
Theory of animism ✔✔theory that good spirits brought health, and evil spirits brought sickness
and death.
Roles of nurse vs. physician in early civilizations ✔✔physician is considered the medicine man,
while the nurse is considered a caring mother.
Temples ✔✔center of medical care in ancient Greece.
Nurses in ancient Greece ✔✔cared for the sick in the home and community, practiced as nurse
midwives.
Deaconesses ✔✔made visits to the sick in the early Christian period when nursing developed
purpose, direction, and leadership as a result of a more formal and clearly defined role.
16th century nursing ✔✔shifted from religious orientation to emphasis on warfare, exploration,
and expansion of knowledge; nursing had a poor reputation; low pay, long hours, unfavorable
conditions.
18-20th century nursing ✔✔social reform changed roles of nurses and women in general;
nursing as we know it began.
Florence Nightingale ✔✔challenged prejudices against women and elevated the status of all
nurses; established the first training school for nurses and wrote books about health care and
nursing education; founder of modern nursing.
Clara Barton ✔✔founded the American Red Cross.
,Nursing process ✔✔integrates both the art and science of nursing; used by the nurse to identify
the patient's health care needs and strengths, to establish and carry out a plan of care to meet
those needs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan to meet established outcomes.
Theory ✔✔group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality.
Concepts ✔✔like ideas, abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality; describe
objects, properties, and events and relationships among them.
Conceptual framework or model ✔✔a group of concepts that follows an understandable pattern.
General Systems Theory ✔✔describes how to break whole things into parts and then learn how
the parts work together in systems.
Adaptation Theory ✔✔defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things
and to environmental conditions.
Developmental Theory ✔✔outlines the process of growth and development of humans as
orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death.
Evidence-based practice ✔✔a problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the
best evidence available to achieve the best patient outcomes.
Deductive reasoning ✔✔research method in which one examines a general idea and then
considers specific actions or ideas.
Inductive reasoning ✔✔research method in which one builds from specific ideas or actions to
conclusions about general ideas.
, Quantitative research ✔✔deductive reasoning; descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental,
experimental research.
Basic research ✔✔sometimes called pure or laboratory research, is designed to generate and
refine theory.
Applied research ✔✔also called practical research, is designed to directly influence or improve
clinical practice.
Qualitative research ✔✔method of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings.
PICO ✔✔clinical questions asked in specific format; patient, population, or problem,
intervention, comparison, and outcome of interest.
Health ✔✔a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence
of disease.
Wellness ✔✔an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good physical,
mental, and emotional health.
Illness ✔✔the unique response of a person to a disease; an abnormal process involving
changed level of functioning.
Morbidity ✔✔how frequently a disease occurs.
Mortality ✔✔the numbers of deaths resulting from a disease.
Acute illness ✔✔generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time.
Theory of animism ✔✔theory that good spirits brought health, and evil spirits brought sickness
and death.
Roles of nurse vs. physician in early civilizations ✔✔physician is considered the medicine man,
while the nurse is considered a caring mother.
Temples ✔✔center of medical care in ancient Greece.
Nurses in ancient Greece ✔✔cared for the sick in the home and community, practiced as nurse
midwives.
Deaconesses ✔✔made visits to the sick in the early Christian period when nursing developed
purpose, direction, and leadership as a result of a more formal and clearly defined role.
16th century nursing ✔✔shifted from religious orientation to emphasis on warfare, exploration,
and expansion of knowledge; nursing had a poor reputation; low pay, long hours, unfavorable
conditions.
18-20th century nursing ✔✔social reform changed roles of nurses and women in general;
nursing as we know it began.
Florence Nightingale ✔✔challenged prejudices against women and elevated the status of all
nurses; established the first training school for nurses and wrote books about health care and
nursing education; founder of modern nursing.
Clara Barton ✔✔founded the American Red Cross.
,Nursing process ✔✔integrates both the art and science of nursing; used by the nurse to identify
the patient's health care needs and strengths, to establish and carry out a plan of care to meet
those needs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan to meet established outcomes.
Theory ✔✔group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality.
Concepts ✔✔like ideas, abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality; describe
objects, properties, and events and relationships among them.
Conceptual framework or model ✔✔a group of concepts that follows an understandable pattern.
General Systems Theory ✔✔describes how to break whole things into parts and then learn how
the parts work together in systems.
Adaptation Theory ✔✔defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things
and to environmental conditions.
Developmental Theory ✔✔outlines the process of growth and development of humans as
orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death.
Evidence-based practice ✔✔a problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the
best evidence available to achieve the best patient outcomes.
Deductive reasoning ✔✔research method in which one examines a general idea and then
considers specific actions or ideas.
Inductive reasoning ✔✔research method in which one builds from specific ideas or actions to
conclusions about general ideas.
, Quantitative research ✔✔deductive reasoning; descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental,
experimental research.
Basic research ✔✔sometimes called pure or laboratory research, is designed to generate and
refine theory.
Applied research ✔✔also called practical research, is designed to directly influence or improve
clinical practice.
Qualitative research ✔✔method of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings.
PICO ✔✔clinical questions asked in specific format; patient, population, or problem,
intervention, comparison, and outcome of interest.
Health ✔✔a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence
of disease.
Wellness ✔✔an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good physical,
mental, and emotional health.
Illness ✔✔the unique response of a person to a disease; an abnormal process involving
changed level of functioning.
Morbidity ✔✔how frequently a disease occurs.
Mortality ✔✔the numbers of deaths resulting from a disease.
Acute illness ✔✔generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time.
