MICROBIOLOGY UTA 2460 PACKAGED
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
• Main components of cytoskeleton.
Answer: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
• Viral Life Cycle.
Answer: - goal is to invade the host cell, hijack machinery to make proteins
and replicate -varies deepening on host
• Concave lens.
Answer: Refracts light away from a focal poiny
• Firmicutes (phylum).
Answer: -low G+C content -no other common genera -Clostridium,
Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bacillus
• Protozoa.
Answer: Diverse, motility via cilia and flagella, pseudopod, unicellular, no
cell wall, no photosynthesis
• Epsilonproteobacteria.
Answer: -gram (-) proteobacteria -smallest class -microaerophillic: only like
a small amount of oxygen -Campylobacter spp.: common to food poisoning,
aerobic -Helicobacter spp.: commonly beneficial but can cause ulcers and
stomach cancer in susceptible people
• volutin granules.
Answer: polymerized inorganic phosphates for biofilm formation
• Miasma Theory.
Answer: Ancient Greeks blamed diseases on "bad air"
• Bacillius.
Answer: -firmicutes phylum -bacillus shaped aerobes or facultative
, anaerobes -endospore producers -Important to industrial mircobiology
Prominent species: •B. anthracis - causative agent for anthrax •B. cereus -
common food poisoning agent •B. thuringiensis - producer of insecticide
compounds •Genus Staphylococcus - cocci shaped facultative anaerobes
•Halophilic (like salt) •Nonmotile •Prominent species •S. aureus - common
agent of skin infections; some can produce enterotoxins for food poisoning
Some are very antibiotic resistant (MRSA & VRSA) •S. epidermidis -
common flora on skin; can cause infection to open wounds
• Protozoa.
Answer: -huge variety of unicellular, non-photosynthetic, motile eukaryotic
microbes -Life stages: 1.trophozoites (feeding and growing stages) 2.cysts
(encapsulated stage to protect against harsh environments) -reproduce
asexually and sexually -prominent groups: amoebozoa, excavata, and
chromalveolata
• C.difficile.
Answer: bacteria that causes diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitus
• Cyanobacteria.
Answer: -phototrophic bacteria -highly adaptable and diverse -chlorphyll;
uses as biosorbents and human nutrients -Microsystis spp.: toxic algal
bloom, some of the oldest
• German physician, establish method for connecting pathogens with a
specific disease, Koch's.
Answer: Father of western medicine, said diseases was not caused by
supernatural forces, Hippocratic corpus and oath used today
• Microsporidia.
Answer: -fungi -Unicellular obligate intracellular parasites; once classified
as protists -No mitochondria, peroxisomes, or centrioles -Polar tubule to
pierce host cell and infect -Many are pathogenic to humans;
microsporidiosis
• Viral Detection.
, Answer: 1. effects on cells 2. hemagglutination assay 3. nucleic acid test 4.
enzyme immunoassay
• Light/Wave Properties.
Answer: Wavelength, amplitude, and frequency
• Phototrophic Bacteria.
Answer: -grouped based on function -sunlight main source of energy via
photosynthesis
• Capsule stain.
Answer: Diagnostic tool for detection of protective coating Dyes do not
penetrate capsule
• Shorter wavelengths.
Answer: Higher resolution
• endomembrane system includes.
Answer: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.
• Cytoskeleton.
Answer: A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to
keep its shape, and aids in movement
• Lysosomes.
Answer: Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
• Group translocation.
Answer: chemical modification of the transported substance driven by
phosphoenolpyruvate, against unfavorable concentration gradient
• Archaea cell membrane.
Answer: some have one layer and others have bilayer, use different
phospholipids that have branching fatty acids and different covalent bonds,
ether linkages, not ester
• Gram Negative Phyla.
Answer: -Proteobacteria -Spirochete -CFB group -Planctomycetes
, -Phototrophic bacteria
• Factors affecting resolution.
Answer: Wavelengths and numerical aperture (ability to gather light by lens)
• Extra cellular matrix.
Answer: Proteoglycans and fibrous proteins help maintain cell shape and
stability
• Joseph Lister.
Answer: Began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery
• green sulfur bacteria.
Answer: -phototrophic bacteria -oxidize sulfide
• photosynthetic bacteria.
Answer: These are the bacteria who use photosynthesis to produce their
food. They use the sun's energy to do their food processing. They are living
with the Aerobic Bacteria- and have been living after the Anaerobic
Bacteria.
• Ascomycota.
Answer: -includes fungi associated with food production, food spoilage, and
human pathogens -some have septet hyphae and ascocarp fruiting bodies
-ascospores = sexual spores, conidia = asexual spores -vAspergillus spp. -
mold; common cause of allergies and opportunistic infection of tissues
-Candida albicans - yeast; normal biota but can be opportunistic pathogen
(vaginal yeast infection, oral thrush, candidiasis) -Penicillium spp. - mold;
producer of antibiotics
• Tenericutes Phylum.
Answer: -Genus Mycoplasma - no cell wall and do not retain crystal violet
pleomorphic -Extremely small -Cell wall antibiotics do not work -Only
classified by genome -Prominent species •M. pneumoniae - agent for
walking pneumonia
• Confocal Microscope.
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
• Main components of cytoskeleton.
Answer: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
• Viral Life Cycle.
Answer: - goal is to invade the host cell, hijack machinery to make proteins
and replicate -varies deepening on host
• Concave lens.
Answer: Refracts light away from a focal poiny
• Firmicutes (phylum).
Answer: -low G+C content -no other common genera -Clostridium,
Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bacillus
• Protozoa.
Answer: Diverse, motility via cilia and flagella, pseudopod, unicellular, no
cell wall, no photosynthesis
• Epsilonproteobacteria.
Answer: -gram (-) proteobacteria -smallest class -microaerophillic: only like
a small amount of oxygen -Campylobacter spp.: common to food poisoning,
aerobic -Helicobacter spp.: commonly beneficial but can cause ulcers and
stomach cancer in susceptible people
• volutin granules.
Answer: polymerized inorganic phosphates for biofilm formation
• Miasma Theory.
Answer: Ancient Greeks blamed diseases on "bad air"
• Bacillius.
Answer: -firmicutes phylum -bacillus shaped aerobes or facultative
, anaerobes -endospore producers -Important to industrial mircobiology
Prominent species: •B. anthracis - causative agent for anthrax •B. cereus -
common food poisoning agent •B. thuringiensis - producer of insecticide
compounds •Genus Staphylococcus - cocci shaped facultative anaerobes
•Halophilic (like salt) •Nonmotile •Prominent species •S. aureus - common
agent of skin infections; some can produce enterotoxins for food poisoning
Some are very antibiotic resistant (MRSA & VRSA) •S. epidermidis -
common flora on skin; can cause infection to open wounds
• Protozoa.
Answer: -huge variety of unicellular, non-photosynthetic, motile eukaryotic
microbes -Life stages: 1.trophozoites (feeding and growing stages) 2.cysts
(encapsulated stage to protect against harsh environments) -reproduce
asexually and sexually -prominent groups: amoebozoa, excavata, and
chromalveolata
• C.difficile.
Answer: bacteria that causes diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitus
• Cyanobacteria.
Answer: -phototrophic bacteria -highly adaptable and diverse -chlorphyll;
uses as biosorbents and human nutrients -Microsystis spp.: toxic algal
bloom, some of the oldest
• German physician, establish method for connecting pathogens with a
specific disease, Koch's.
Answer: Father of western medicine, said diseases was not caused by
supernatural forces, Hippocratic corpus and oath used today
• Microsporidia.
Answer: -fungi -Unicellular obligate intracellular parasites; once classified
as protists -No mitochondria, peroxisomes, or centrioles -Polar tubule to
pierce host cell and infect -Many are pathogenic to humans;
microsporidiosis
• Viral Detection.
, Answer: 1. effects on cells 2. hemagglutination assay 3. nucleic acid test 4.
enzyme immunoassay
• Light/Wave Properties.
Answer: Wavelength, amplitude, and frequency
• Phototrophic Bacteria.
Answer: -grouped based on function -sunlight main source of energy via
photosynthesis
• Capsule stain.
Answer: Diagnostic tool for detection of protective coating Dyes do not
penetrate capsule
• Shorter wavelengths.
Answer: Higher resolution
• endomembrane system includes.
Answer: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.
• Cytoskeleton.
Answer: A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to
keep its shape, and aids in movement
• Lysosomes.
Answer: Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
• Group translocation.
Answer: chemical modification of the transported substance driven by
phosphoenolpyruvate, against unfavorable concentration gradient
• Archaea cell membrane.
Answer: some have one layer and others have bilayer, use different
phospholipids that have branching fatty acids and different covalent bonds,
ether linkages, not ester
• Gram Negative Phyla.
Answer: -Proteobacteria -Spirochete -CFB group -Planctomycetes
, -Phototrophic bacteria
• Factors affecting resolution.
Answer: Wavelengths and numerical aperture (ability to gather light by lens)
• Extra cellular matrix.
Answer: Proteoglycans and fibrous proteins help maintain cell shape and
stability
• Joseph Lister.
Answer: Began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery
• green sulfur bacteria.
Answer: -phototrophic bacteria -oxidize sulfide
• photosynthetic bacteria.
Answer: These are the bacteria who use photosynthesis to produce their
food. They use the sun's energy to do their food processing. They are living
with the Aerobic Bacteria- and have been living after the Anaerobic
Bacteria.
• Ascomycota.
Answer: -includes fungi associated with food production, food spoilage, and
human pathogens -some have septet hyphae and ascocarp fruiting bodies
-ascospores = sexual spores, conidia = asexual spores -vAspergillus spp. -
mold; common cause of allergies and opportunistic infection of tissues
-Candida albicans - yeast; normal biota but can be opportunistic pathogen
(vaginal yeast infection, oral thrush, candidiasis) -Penicillium spp. - mold;
producer of antibiotics
• Tenericutes Phylum.
Answer: -Genus Mycoplasma - no cell wall and do not retain crystal violet
pleomorphic -Extremely small -Cell wall antibiotics do not work -Only
classified by genome -Prominent species •M. pneumoniae - agent for
walking pneumonia
• Confocal Microscope.
