Biol 215 Comprehensive Study Guide 2026 Fully Solved Question Set

BIOL 215 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
2026 FULLY SOLVED QUESTION SET



◉14. Describe obligate anerobes Answer: cannot use oxygen
poisonous


◉14. Describe facultative anaerobes Answer: can survive w or w/o
oxygen


◉15. mitochondria structure Answer: - outer mitochondrial
membrane (OMM)
- innermembrane space
- inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM)
- matrix (w/in the IMM)


◉15. What is localized to the IMM? Answer: electron transport
systems
ATP synthase complex


◉15. What is localized to the matrix? Answer: Kreb's Cycle Enzyme

,Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial ribosomes


◉15. What happens in b/w glycolysis + Kreb's cycle? Answer: -
oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
- forms acetyl CoA


◉15. What is PDH stand for? Answer: pyruvate dehydrogenase


◉15. PDH structure Answer: large meric protein complex
(quaternary)
several enzymes, coenzymes, + regulatory proteins


◉15. PDH function Answer: catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation
of pyruvate


◉15. What are the inputs + outputs of oxidative decarboxylation of
pyruvate? Answer: input: NAD+, coenzyme A
output: NADH, acetylCoA, CO2


◉15. coenzyme A function Answer: acetyl carrier

, ◉15. What is the difference bw coenzyme A + Acetyl CoA? Answer:
coenzyme A: -SH
Acetyl CoA: thioester group (- S - acetyl)


◉15. What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis? Answer:
decarboxylated
oxidized
add Acetyl CoA


◉15. What is the first reaction of citric acid cycle along w # of C?
Answer: acetyl-CoA (2C) + oxaloacetate (4C) → citrate (6C)


◉15. TCA transforms ... to ... . (inorganic/organic) Answer: organic
→ inorganic


◉15. TCA inputs + outputs Answer: inputs: acetyl molecule, NAD+,
FAD
outputs: NADH, FADH2, ATP, CO2


◉15. What E transfers happen in TCA? Answer: ATPs can be used
directly
E contained in glucose → FADH + NADH