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Pharmacology Study Guide - ATTR 562
Verified and Updated Questions and
Answers (100% Correct Answers)
1. Compare and contrast the chemical name, brand name, and generic name for drug
nomenclature. In your response, describe the differences and similarities between
brand name and generic drugs.
Answer:The chemical name describes the drug's molecular structure, the generic
name is a shorthand for the chemical name, and the brand name is a company-
specific name for marketing.
Brand-name and generic drugs contain the same active ingredient but may differ in
inactive ingredients, appearance, and cost, with generics being cheaper and often
available after the brand name's patent expires. Brand names exclusively for the first
20 years after development
2. List and describe the 4 main ways that drugs are classified. For the legal
classification system, compare and contrast the 3 categories - how are they similar,
how are they different?
Answer:Legal classification (potential abuse): Non-prescription (over the counter),
prescription (greater potential for adverse effects), Controlled substances (scheduled
drugs)-greater potential for abuse
The key difference between the three is that controlled substances are placed in
different categories based on their potential for abuse. OTC does not have greater
restrictions in storage, distribution, and record keeping, the physician needs to
prescribe it.
The key similarities: All are FDA approved, and each type has a recommended
dosage, time to be taken.
Therapeutic intent/effect: What is the intent of the drug and what it is used for ex:
anti-inflammatory drugs to treat inflammation
3. Briefly describe the process of developing a new drug. In other words, what are the
main features of each phase of the clinical trials?
Answer:FDA oversees the process: there is a pre-clinical trial (3-6 years)
Research/Development
3 Phases of clinical trials need to be completed before a new drug can be prescribed
,Inquire through: | Professional | Confidential Support
Phase 1(1-2 years): Test on small numbers 20-80, Primary aim to determine drug
toxicity, absorption, dosage.
Phase 2 (2-3 years): Test on larger numbers, 100-300 who have the disease. The
primary aim is to determine the effectiveness and short-term safety and adverse
effects of the drug
Phase 3 (3-4 years): Test on larger numbers 1000-3000) and monitor patients closely
for effectiveness
Phase 4 (2+ years): Available for physicians to prescribe, to determine long-term
effects and adverse effects
New Drug approval process 8-10 years +/-
4. Briefly describe the drug recall process.
Answer:FDA is responsible for all drugs and drug products that are unsafe.
Class 1: Reasonable possibility of serious threat to health
Class 2: Exposure to produce may bring temporary and reversible health problems
Class 3: Exposure to the product is not likely to cause a health hazard, possibly a
mislabel or might be labelled as a class 3 instead of class 4 drugs
1. Define pharmacokinetics and describe the 4 major categories that pertain to
pharmacokinetics. For an oral medication, what is the location or organ primarily
responsible to carry out the task for each of the 4 pharmacokinetic categories?
Answer:Define:Study of how the body acts on the drug . . .or how the drug moves
through the body
Absorption, Drug administration, Metabolism, Distribution, Elimination/excretion
Enteral, Involves the GI tract, Oral, sublingual, rectal
Parenteral (nonenteral) Not by way of the alimentary canal or the digestive system
(Not the GI tract), Usually allows drug to be delivered more directly to target tissue,
Inhalation, injection, topical/transdermal
2. Describe the common routes used to administer medications. In general, know the
advantages and disadvantages of these routes.
Answer:ORAL: Less predictable, may cause GI tract irritation
, Inquire through: | Professional | Confidential Support
Sublingual and Buccal: Absorbed more quickly, eliminates the first pass effects |
CON: can't be administered in large dosage
Rectal: CON: Poor absorption | PRO: Great of unconscious people, no
nausea/vomiting issues
Injection: CON: Mistakes can have rapid negative effects | PRO: 100% absorption,
Quickly absorbed
PARENTERAL
Inhalation: PRO: quickly absorbed | CON: Irritate mouth, bronchioles
Topical/Transdermals: CON: Slow absorption | PRO: Can be used to localized the area
3. Describe the primary factors that affects the body's ability to absorb, metabolize,
distribute, and eliminate a drug? What effect does exercise have in these processes?
Answer:Absorb: GI tract, Type of medication, internal environments
Metabolism: Liver, rotate, internal environment, exercise
Distribution: Drug solubility, exercise
Elimination: Internal environment, Solubility, amount of drug, exercise
Define pharmacodynamics. Explain the receptor theory and what factors will affect
the binding process.
Answer:Study of the actions of the drug on the body including mechanism of action
and medical effects.
May involve a stimulatory or inhibitory reaction at the receptor type.
Receptor theory: posits that drugs exert their effects by binding to specific receptors,
triggering a chain of events that lead to a physiological response.
Affecting the binding: Affinity and concentration
6. Draw and label the dose response curve. Define the following terms: below
threshold, threshold dose, and maximum effect. Where on the curve do you see the
most binding of drugs on the receptors?
Answer:Below threshold: very low doses do not produce any observable effects
Pharmacology Study Guide - ATTR 562
Verified and Updated Questions and
Answers (100% Correct Answers)
1. Compare and contrast the chemical name, brand name, and generic name for drug
nomenclature. In your response, describe the differences and similarities between
brand name and generic drugs.
Answer:The chemical name describes the drug's molecular structure, the generic
name is a shorthand for the chemical name, and the brand name is a company-
specific name for marketing.
Brand-name and generic drugs contain the same active ingredient but may differ in
inactive ingredients, appearance, and cost, with generics being cheaper and often
available after the brand name's patent expires. Brand names exclusively for the first
20 years after development
2. List and describe the 4 main ways that drugs are classified. For the legal
classification system, compare and contrast the 3 categories - how are they similar,
how are they different?
Answer:Legal classification (potential abuse): Non-prescription (over the counter),
prescription (greater potential for adverse effects), Controlled substances (scheduled
drugs)-greater potential for abuse
The key difference between the three is that controlled substances are placed in
different categories based on their potential for abuse. OTC does not have greater
restrictions in storage, distribution, and record keeping, the physician needs to
prescribe it.
The key similarities: All are FDA approved, and each type has a recommended
dosage, time to be taken.
Therapeutic intent/effect: What is the intent of the drug and what it is used for ex:
anti-inflammatory drugs to treat inflammation
3. Briefly describe the process of developing a new drug. In other words, what are the
main features of each phase of the clinical trials?
Answer:FDA oversees the process: there is a pre-clinical trial (3-6 years)
Research/Development
3 Phases of clinical trials need to be completed before a new drug can be prescribed
,Inquire through: | Professional | Confidential Support
Phase 1(1-2 years): Test on small numbers 20-80, Primary aim to determine drug
toxicity, absorption, dosage.
Phase 2 (2-3 years): Test on larger numbers, 100-300 who have the disease. The
primary aim is to determine the effectiveness and short-term safety and adverse
effects of the drug
Phase 3 (3-4 years): Test on larger numbers 1000-3000) and monitor patients closely
for effectiveness
Phase 4 (2+ years): Available for physicians to prescribe, to determine long-term
effects and adverse effects
New Drug approval process 8-10 years +/-
4. Briefly describe the drug recall process.
Answer:FDA is responsible for all drugs and drug products that are unsafe.
Class 1: Reasonable possibility of serious threat to health
Class 2: Exposure to produce may bring temporary and reversible health problems
Class 3: Exposure to the product is not likely to cause a health hazard, possibly a
mislabel or might be labelled as a class 3 instead of class 4 drugs
1. Define pharmacokinetics and describe the 4 major categories that pertain to
pharmacokinetics. For an oral medication, what is the location or organ primarily
responsible to carry out the task for each of the 4 pharmacokinetic categories?
Answer:Define:Study of how the body acts on the drug . . .or how the drug moves
through the body
Absorption, Drug administration, Metabolism, Distribution, Elimination/excretion
Enteral, Involves the GI tract, Oral, sublingual, rectal
Parenteral (nonenteral) Not by way of the alimentary canal or the digestive system
(Not the GI tract), Usually allows drug to be delivered more directly to target tissue,
Inhalation, injection, topical/transdermal
2. Describe the common routes used to administer medications. In general, know the
advantages and disadvantages of these routes.
Answer:ORAL: Less predictable, may cause GI tract irritation
, Inquire through: | Professional | Confidential Support
Sublingual and Buccal: Absorbed more quickly, eliminates the first pass effects |
CON: can't be administered in large dosage
Rectal: CON: Poor absorption | PRO: Great of unconscious people, no
nausea/vomiting issues
Injection: CON: Mistakes can have rapid negative effects | PRO: 100% absorption,
Quickly absorbed
PARENTERAL
Inhalation: PRO: quickly absorbed | CON: Irritate mouth, bronchioles
Topical/Transdermals: CON: Slow absorption | PRO: Can be used to localized the area
3. Describe the primary factors that affects the body's ability to absorb, metabolize,
distribute, and eliminate a drug? What effect does exercise have in these processes?
Answer:Absorb: GI tract, Type of medication, internal environments
Metabolism: Liver, rotate, internal environment, exercise
Distribution: Drug solubility, exercise
Elimination: Internal environment, Solubility, amount of drug, exercise
Define pharmacodynamics. Explain the receptor theory and what factors will affect
the binding process.
Answer:Study of the actions of the drug on the body including mechanism of action
and medical effects.
May involve a stimulatory or inhibitory reaction at the receptor type.
Receptor theory: posits that drugs exert their effects by binding to specific receptors,
triggering a chain of events that lead to a physiological response.
Affecting the binding: Affinity and concentration
6. Draw and label the dose response curve. Define the following terms: below
threshold, threshold dose, and maximum effect. Where on the curve do you see the
most binding of drugs on the receptors?
Answer:Below threshold: very low doses do not produce any observable effects
