Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 1 TEST QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS.
3 pathophysiolgical types of AKI - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅prerenal
intrarenal (intrinsic)
postrenal
7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-increased
movement of free fatty acids into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to phospholipids resulting in the
preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's toxic effects
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅C
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000
people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of
the following statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to
impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅C
abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-
endogenous: product of abnormal metabolism synthesis
,-exogenous: infectious agent or material
acute tubular necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅damage to the renal tubules due to
presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia
most common cause of hospital acquired ARF
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain
tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of
the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A
apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-event that results in cell death
-quiet, organized, programmed process resulting in elimination of individual cells
Apoptosis - mitochondrial pathway - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-healthy cell - protein
Bcl-2 on surface - inhibits apoptosis
-internal damage to cell
-protein Bax migrates to the surface of the mitochondria where it inhibits protective
effect of Bcl-2
-inserts self into outer mitochondrial membrane punching holes in it
-cytochrome c leaks out
-cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1
-complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes
-bind to and activate caspase-9
-cleaves and activates other caspases (executioner ones)
-digestion of structural proteins in the cytoplasm
-degradation of chromosomal DNA
-phagocytosis of the cell
Apoptosis death-receptor pathway - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Fas and TNF receptor
are integral membrane proteins with their receptor domains exposed at the surface of
the cell
-binding of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF) transmits a signal to the
cytoplasm
-actiavation of caspase 8
-initiates cascade of caspase activation
-phagocytosis of cell
apoptosis-inducing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-neurons have another way to self-
destruct that does not use caspases
-AIF is a protein that is normally located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
-when cell receives death signal, AIF:
-released from mitochondria
, -migrates to nucleus
-binds to DNA
-triggers destruction of the DNA and cell death
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most
common in skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
calculate the anion gap - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
calculation for corrected serum sodium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅G= (pt. glucose -
100)/100
(1.6 mEq/L x G) + (serum sodium)
calculation for ideal TBW - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅(current Na X TBW)/140
Calculation for serum osmolality - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅OSM = 2 X [sodium
concentration] + [glucose concentration/18] + [BUN/2.8]
calculation for water deficit - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅((current Na X TBW)/140) - TBW
calculation for water excess - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the difference between current
TBW and ideal TBW
water excess =
weight (kg) x (0.5 F) x (1 - (Na/125))
(0.6 M)
(0.7 infants)
calculation of water def - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the difference between ideal TBW
and current TBW =
weight in kg x (0.4 F)
(0.5 M)
(0.6 infants)
caseous necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅commonly results from tuberculous
pulmonary infection
combination of coagulative and liquefactive
the dead cells disintegrate but the debris is not digest completely by hydrolases
tissues appear soft and granular and resemble clumped cheese
Cause of metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅develops from reprogramming of stem
cells. Found in association with tissue damage, repair, and regeneration.
causes of hypervolemia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Heart failure
Kidney disease
Exam 1 TEST QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS.
3 pathophysiolgical types of AKI - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅prerenal
intrarenal (intrinsic)
postrenal
7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-increased
movement of free fatty acids into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to phospholipids resulting in the
preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's toxic effects
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅C
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000
people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of
the following statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to
impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅C
abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-
endogenous: product of abnormal metabolism synthesis
,-exogenous: infectious agent or material
acute tubular necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅damage to the renal tubules due to
presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia
most common cause of hospital acquired ARF
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain
tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of
the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A
apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-event that results in cell death
-quiet, organized, programmed process resulting in elimination of individual cells
Apoptosis - mitochondrial pathway - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-healthy cell - protein
Bcl-2 on surface - inhibits apoptosis
-internal damage to cell
-protein Bax migrates to the surface of the mitochondria where it inhibits protective
effect of Bcl-2
-inserts self into outer mitochondrial membrane punching holes in it
-cytochrome c leaks out
-cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1
-complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes
-bind to and activate caspase-9
-cleaves and activates other caspases (executioner ones)
-digestion of structural proteins in the cytoplasm
-degradation of chromosomal DNA
-phagocytosis of the cell
Apoptosis death-receptor pathway - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Fas and TNF receptor
are integral membrane proteins with their receptor domains exposed at the surface of
the cell
-binding of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF) transmits a signal to the
cytoplasm
-actiavation of caspase 8
-initiates cascade of caspase activation
-phagocytosis of cell
apoptosis-inducing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-neurons have another way to self-
destruct that does not use caspases
-AIF is a protein that is normally located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
-when cell receives death signal, AIF:
-released from mitochondria
, -migrates to nucleus
-binds to DNA
-triggers destruction of the DNA and cell death
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most
common in skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
calculate the anion gap - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
calculation for corrected serum sodium - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅G= (pt. glucose -
100)/100
(1.6 mEq/L x G) + (serum sodium)
calculation for ideal TBW - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅(current Na X TBW)/140
Calculation for serum osmolality - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅OSM = 2 X [sodium
concentration] + [glucose concentration/18] + [BUN/2.8]
calculation for water deficit - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅((current Na X TBW)/140) - TBW
calculation for water excess - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the difference between current
TBW and ideal TBW
water excess =
weight (kg) x (0.5 F) x (1 - (Na/125))
(0.6 M)
(0.7 infants)
calculation of water def - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the difference between ideal TBW
and current TBW =
weight in kg x (0.4 F)
(0.5 M)
(0.6 infants)
caseous necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅commonly results from tuberculous
pulmonary infection
combination of coagulative and liquefactive
the dead cells disintegrate but the debris is not digest completely by hydrolases
tissues appear soft and granular and resemble clumped cheese
Cause of metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅develops from reprogramming of stem
cells. Found in association with tissue damage, repair, and regeneration.
causes of hypervolemia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Heart failure
Kidney disease
