PN 4003 Exam 1: Variations in Health Verified and
Latest Questions and Answers
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one adult
cell type by another adult cell type that is better able to withstand
environmental stress?
A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: B
Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or
mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type to better handle chronic irritation.
2. A patient’s arterial blood gas (ABG) results show: pH 7.31, PaCO2 52 mmHg,
and HCO3 24 mEq/L. Which acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Acidosis
Answer: D
,Explanation: A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis. A PaCO2 above 45 mmHg indicates the
respiratory system is the cause.
3. What is the primary extracellular cation responsible for maintaining osmotic
pressure and water balance?
A. Sodium
B. Magnesium
C. Potassium
D. Calcium
Answer: A
Explanation: Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid and plays a
major role in regulating water distribution throughout the body.
4. Which of the following clinical manifestations is most common in a patient
with hypocalcemia?
A. Constipation
B. Trousseau’s sign
C. Muscle weakness
D. Shortened QT interval
Answer: B
Explanation: Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular excitability, which can be manifested by
Trousseau’s sign (carpal spasm) or Chvostek’s sign.
, 5. During the inflammatory process, which chemical mediator is primarily
responsible for increasing capillary permeability and vasodilation immediately
after injury?
A. Interleukin-1
B. Histamine
C. Leukotrienes
D. Prostaglandins
Answer: B
Explanation: Histamine is released from mast cells and is one of the first mediators of the
inflammatory response, causing rapid vasodilation and increased permeability.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is an anaphylactic response to an
allergen like a bee sting?
A. Type II
B. Type I
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: B
Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and involves immediate allergic
reactions, including anaphylaxis.
Latest Questions and Answers
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one adult
cell type by another adult cell type that is better able to withstand
environmental stress?
A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: B
Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or
mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type to better handle chronic irritation.
2. A patient’s arterial blood gas (ABG) results show: pH 7.31, PaCO2 52 mmHg,
and HCO3 24 mEq/L. Which acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Acidosis
Answer: D
,Explanation: A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis. A PaCO2 above 45 mmHg indicates the
respiratory system is the cause.
3. What is the primary extracellular cation responsible for maintaining osmotic
pressure and water balance?
A. Sodium
B. Magnesium
C. Potassium
D. Calcium
Answer: A
Explanation: Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid and plays a
major role in regulating water distribution throughout the body.
4. Which of the following clinical manifestations is most common in a patient
with hypocalcemia?
A. Constipation
B. Trousseau’s sign
C. Muscle weakness
D. Shortened QT interval
Answer: B
Explanation: Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular excitability, which can be manifested by
Trousseau’s sign (carpal spasm) or Chvostek’s sign.
, 5. During the inflammatory process, which chemical mediator is primarily
responsible for increasing capillary permeability and vasodilation immediately
after injury?
A. Interleukin-1
B. Histamine
C. Leukotrienes
D. Prostaglandins
Answer: B
Explanation: Histamine is released from mast cells and is one of the first mediators of the
inflammatory response, causing rapid vasodilation and increased permeability.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is an anaphylactic response to an
allergen like a bee sting?
A. Type II
B. Type I
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: B
Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and involves immediate allergic
reactions, including anaphylaxis.
