NUR551 Final Study Guide
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT SOLVED
ANSWERS.
___ ions directly control the contraction of muscles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Calcium
A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later.
Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes. Which of the following
was
the most likely cause of her death? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Gas gangrene
A 65-year-old male develops blockage in the pulmonary artery. As a result of the
blockage,
blood would first back up into the - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Right ventricle
A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called a _____ cell -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅polyploid
A patient who has diarrhea receives a hypertonic saline solution intravenously to
replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement
have on cells? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cells will shrink
Compare and contrast spongy vs compact bone. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Both
present in every bone
Spongy: cancellous bone; less complex and lacks haversian systems
Compact: highly organized, solid, and extremely strong; basic structural unit in compact
bone is the haversian system
Compare manifestations of genu varum vs genu valgum. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Both cause angular deformities of the knee
Compare struvite vs calcium kidney stones. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Both composed
of calcium carbonate
Compare the diaphysis vs metaphysis vs epiphysis of bone. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Are all regions in the long bone
Long bones consist of a narrow tubular midportion (diaphysis) that merges into a
broader neck (metaphysis) and a broad end (epiphysis).
,Describe a comminuted bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a bone breaks into
more than two fragments
Describe a complete bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅bone entirely broken
Describe a fatigue bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅caused by repetitive,
sometimes abnormal stress or torque applied to a bone
Describe a incomplete bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the bone is damaged
but is still in one piece
Describe a linear bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅runs parallel to the long axis
of the bone
Describe a oblique bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅occurs at a slanted angle
to the shaft of the bone
Describe a pathologic bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅(aka insufficiency or
fragility) break at the site of a preexisting abnormality, resulting from force that would
not fracture a normal bone
Describe a spiral bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅encircles the bone
Describe a transchondral bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅fragmentation and
separation of a portion of the articular cartilage
Describe a traverse bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅occurs straight across
the bone
Describe Cheyenne stokes respirations? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Abnormal pattern,
alternate between deep and shallow breathes, may stop breathing for a brief period of
time
Describe thrombus vs embolus vs thromboembolism. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Thrombus = stationary
Embolus = moveable
Embolus can become a thrombus
Differentiate primary hypertension vs secondary hypertension. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Primary is essential hypertension
Secondary hypertension is hypertension caused by comorbidity
, Differentiate Prinzmetal angina vs angina pectoris. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Prinzmetal angina is abnormal vasospasm of the coronary vessels
resulting in unpredictable chest pain.
Angina pectoris is stable and caused by myocardial ischemia in response to physical
exertion or emotional stress; pain can be relieved by rest
Discuss attenuated vs killed vs live viral vaccines. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Attenuated vaccines that contain live but weakened microorganisms are
used to trigger the immune system (e.g., live polio vaccine; vaccines against measles,
mumps, and rubella)
Killed vaccines contains viruses that have been killed or inactivated so that they can no
longer replicate or cause disease
Live vaccines contain viruses that are live, but they have been attenuated (weakened)
so that they cannot cause disease in healthy individuals
Discuss lamellae vs lacunae. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lamellae: Concentric layers of
bone matrix
Lacunae: space between lamellae
Discuss strain vs sprain. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Both common injuries that involve
the soft tissues of the body
Strain injuries are typically associated with muscle movement or overuse
Sprain injuries result from joint trauma or twisting motions
Discuss structural vs functional (nonstructural) scoliosis. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Nonstructural scoliosis results from a cause other than the spine itself,
such as posture, leg length discrepancy, or splinting from pain.
can become structural if the underlying cause is not found and treated
Structural scoliosis is a curvature of the spine associated with vertebral rotation
Discuss subluxation vs dislocation. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Dislocation is the
displacement of one or more bones in a joint in which the opposing joint surfaces
entirely lose contact with one another
Subluxation is a partial dislocation
Discuss the different types of bone healing impairments. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Nonunion is failure of the bone ends to grow together. The gap between
the broken ends of the bone fills with dense fibrous and fibrocartilaginous tissue instead
of new bone.
Delayed union is union that does not occur until approximately 8 to 9 months after a
fracture.
Malunion is the healing of a bone in an incorrect anatomic position.
For newborns with jaundice, what is the bilirubin level? When does it occur? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅greater than 5-6; first few days of life
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT SOLVED
ANSWERS.
___ ions directly control the contraction of muscles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Calcium
A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later.
Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes. Which of the following
was
the most likely cause of her death? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Gas gangrene
A 65-year-old male develops blockage in the pulmonary artery. As a result of the
blockage,
blood would first back up into the - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Right ventricle
A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called a _____ cell -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅polyploid
A patient who has diarrhea receives a hypertonic saline solution intravenously to
replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement
have on cells? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cells will shrink
Compare and contrast spongy vs compact bone. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Both
present in every bone
Spongy: cancellous bone; less complex and lacks haversian systems
Compact: highly organized, solid, and extremely strong; basic structural unit in compact
bone is the haversian system
Compare manifestations of genu varum vs genu valgum. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Both cause angular deformities of the knee
Compare struvite vs calcium kidney stones. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Both composed
of calcium carbonate
Compare the diaphysis vs metaphysis vs epiphysis of bone. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Are all regions in the long bone
Long bones consist of a narrow tubular midportion (diaphysis) that merges into a
broader neck (metaphysis) and a broad end (epiphysis).
,Describe a comminuted bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a bone breaks into
more than two fragments
Describe a complete bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅bone entirely broken
Describe a fatigue bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅caused by repetitive,
sometimes abnormal stress or torque applied to a bone
Describe a incomplete bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the bone is damaged
but is still in one piece
Describe a linear bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅runs parallel to the long axis
of the bone
Describe a oblique bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅occurs at a slanted angle
to the shaft of the bone
Describe a pathologic bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅(aka insufficiency or
fragility) break at the site of a preexisting abnormality, resulting from force that would
not fracture a normal bone
Describe a spiral bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅encircles the bone
Describe a transchondral bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅fragmentation and
separation of a portion of the articular cartilage
Describe a traverse bone fracture. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅occurs straight across
the bone
Describe Cheyenne stokes respirations? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Abnormal pattern,
alternate between deep and shallow breathes, may stop breathing for a brief period of
time
Describe thrombus vs embolus vs thromboembolism. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Thrombus = stationary
Embolus = moveable
Embolus can become a thrombus
Differentiate primary hypertension vs secondary hypertension. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Primary is essential hypertension
Secondary hypertension is hypertension caused by comorbidity
, Differentiate Prinzmetal angina vs angina pectoris. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Prinzmetal angina is abnormal vasospasm of the coronary vessels
resulting in unpredictable chest pain.
Angina pectoris is stable and caused by myocardial ischemia in response to physical
exertion or emotional stress; pain can be relieved by rest
Discuss attenuated vs killed vs live viral vaccines. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Attenuated vaccines that contain live but weakened microorganisms are
used to trigger the immune system (e.g., live polio vaccine; vaccines against measles,
mumps, and rubella)
Killed vaccines contains viruses that have been killed or inactivated so that they can no
longer replicate or cause disease
Live vaccines contain viruses that are live, but they have been attenuated (weakened)
so that they cannot cause disease in healthy individuals
Discuss lamellae vs lacunae. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lamellae: Concentric layers of
bone matrix
Lacunae: space between lamellae
Discuss strain vs sprain. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Both common injuries that involve
the soft tissues of the body
Strain injuries are typically associated with muscle movement or overuse
Sprain injuries result from joint trauma or twisting motions
Discuss structural vs functional (nonstructural) scoliosis. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Nonstructural scoliosis results from a cause other than the spine itself,
such as posture, leg length discrepancy, or splinting from pain.
can become structural if the underlying cause is not found and treated
Structural scoliosis is a curvature of the spine associated with vertebral rotation
Discuss subluxation vs dislocation. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Dislocation is the
displacement of one or more bones in a joint in which the opposing joint surfaces
entirely lose contact with one another
Subluxation is a partial dislocation
Discuss the different types of bone healing impairments. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Nonunion is failure of the bone ends to grow together. The gap between
the broken ends of the bone fills with dense fibrous and fibrocartilaginous tissue instead
of new bone.
Delayed union is union that does not occur until approximately 8 to 9 months after a
fracture.
Malunion is the healing of a bone in an incorrect anatomic position.
For newborns with jaundice, what is the bilirubin level? When does it occur? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅greater than 5-6; first few days of life
