PSYCH 121 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Self-control and self-reinforcement are short-hand terms for: - Answers The effects of acquired
reinforcers and partial reinforcement.
Acquired reinforcement is implemented by pathways originating from neurons in the: - Answers
Frontal lobes that project to the VTA.
A selection system has four steps regarding the unit of selection: variation, selection, _____, and
reproduction. - Answers Retention
In everyday life, _____ can help explain 'traits' we call perseverance, courage, stubbornness, strength
of character, and even intrinsic motivation. - Answers The partial reinforcement effect
Among the four basic schedules of partial reinforcement, two are interval and two are: - Answers
Ratio.
_____ is a sequence of behaviors, each of which is prompted by an Sd and followed by an acquired
reinforcer which is also the Sd for the next step in the sequence. At the end of the sequence is a
primary reinforcer. - Answers A behavior chain
Acquired elicitors (or conditioned reinforcers) are developed through classical conditioning and: -
Answers Stimulus discrimination training with operants.
Among the four basic schedules of partial reinforcement, two are fixed and two are: - Answers
Variable
A well-acquired behavior can be maintained with little reinforcement if: - Answers The reinforcement
is gradually withdrawn.
Reasons for the appearance of learning without reinforcement when acquired or conditioned
reinforcers are used include: - Answers -The behavior evoked by acquired reinforcers is not always
easily detectable (e.g. talk to self, micro-behavior, etc.).
-Acquired reinforcers are not perceived as reinforcers (e.g. social praise, small changes in
environment).
-The time between CS and US increases.
intermittent reinforcement - Answers an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the
responses made are followed by reinforcement
Resistance to extinction - Answers In operant conditioning, the phenomenon that occurs when an
organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.
Continuous Reinforcement - Answers a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it
occurs
Cumulative record - Answers a record of the total number of operant responses over time that
visually depicts the rate of responding
Higher order conditioning - Answers a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one
conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker)
conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then
learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order
conditioning.)
concurrent schedule - Answers schedule of reinforcement in which 2 or more contingencies of
reinforcement operates independently and simultaneously for 2 or more behaviors
Environment chaining - Answers a type of intervention that aims to create associations between
behaviors in a behavior chain
interval reinforcement - Answers A schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced
after a certain time period has elapsed.
Serial compound conditioning - Answers a classical procedure in which two or more stimuli are
successively presented before a reflexive eliciting stimulus
concurrent chain procedure - Answers An operant procedure in which there are two simultaneously
available response options, each of which consists of successive stimuli, with the reinforcer presented
after the final stimulus.
Backward chaining - Answers when all the behaviors that are identified in the task analysis are done
by the teacher except for the final behavior (Ex: drawing a smiley face)
over expectation - Answers A decline in the ability of individual stimuli to evoke a conditioned
response after they have been presented in a simultaneous compound followed by the same elicitor
that each had been paired with previously
Self-control and self-reinforcement are short-hand terms for: - Answers The effects of acquired
reinforcers and partial reinforcement.
Acquired reinforcement is implemented by pathways originating from neurons in the: - Answers
Frontal lobes that project to the VTA.
A selection system has four steps regarding the unit of selection: variation, selection, _____, and
reproduction. - Answers Retention
In everyday life, _____ can help explain 'traits' we call perseverance, courage, stubbornness, strength
of character, and even intrinsic motivation. - Answers The partial reinforcement effect
Among the four basic schedules of partial reinforcement, two are interval and two are: - Answers
Ratio.
_____ is a sequence of behaviors, each of which is prompted by an Sd and followed by an acquired
reinforcer which is also the Sd for the next step in the sequence. At the end of the sequence is a
primary reinforcer. - Answers A behavior chain
Acquired elicitors (or conditioned reinforcers) are developed through classical conditioning and: -
Answers Stimulus discrimination training with operants.
Among the four basic schedules of partial reinforcement, two are fixed and two are: - Answers
Variable
A well-acquired behavior can be maintained with little reinforcement if: - Answers The reinforcement
is gradually withdrawn.
Reasons for the appearance of learning without reinforcement when acquired or conditioned
reinforcers are used include: - Answers -The behavior evoked by acquired reinforcers is not always
easily detectable (e.g. talk to self, micro-behavior, etc.).
-Acquired reinforcers are not perceived as reinforcers (e.g. social praise, small changes in
environment).
-The time between CS and US increases.
intermittent reinforcement - Answers an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the
responses made are followed by reinforcement
Resistance to extinction - Answers In operant conditioning, the phenomenon that occurs when an
organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.
Continuous Reinforcement - Answers a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it
occurs
Cumulative record - Answers a record of the total number of operant responses over time that
visually depicts the rate of responding
Higher order conditioning - Answers a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one
conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker)
conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then
learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order
conditioning.)
concurrent schedule - Answers schedule of reinforcement in which 2 or more contingencies of
reinforcement operates independently and simultaneously for 2 or more behaviors
Environment chaining - Answers a type of intervention that aims to create associations between
behaviors in a behavior chain
interval reinforcement - Answers A schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced
after a certain time period has elapsed.
Serial compound conditioning - Answers a classical procedure in which two or more stimuli are
successively presented before a reflexive eliciting stimulus
concurrent chain procedure - Answers An operant procedure in which there are two simultaneously
available response options, each of which consists of successive stimuli, with the reinforcer presented
after the final stimulus.
Backward chaining - Answers when all the behaviors that are identified in the task analysis are done
by the teacher except for the final behavior (Ex: drawing a smiley face)
over expectation - Answers A decline in the ability of individual stimuli to evoke a conditioned
response after they have been presented in a simultaneous compound followed by the same elicitor
that each had been paired with previously
