Classical Studies 2902 Ancient Medicine Approved Set Exam 2 with Correct Verified Answers 2026

Classical Studies 2902 Ancient Medicine Approved Set Exam 2 with Correct Verified Answers 2026 Galenism - -Galens view on authenticity of Hippocrates and valuable treaties - decided what was/ wasnt important and everyone followed it saving graces of medical works - - 1. galenism 2. printing press 3. books printed from survived 4. papyri finds/ new translations 5. greek medical works printed Reduction ideology - -separate pathogen from patient Causation ideology - -seek single entity that caused the disease Anthropological approach - -relationship btw disease, patient and healer health - -determined by how well you fit into specific culturally defined categories/ statistics 2 spheres -personal - how an individual percieves their status of health - communal - how others percieve someones status of health disease - -culturally defined - generally a deviation from the norm (ideally temporary) - goal is to restore health - disruption to communal sphere needs to be fixed before it becomes a threat to society medical pluralism - -can choose between all different kinds of healers ancient health care practitioners - -physicians - emurged from hypocratic schools Gk - iatros lat - medicus root cutters / sorcerers Gk - rhizotomos CLASSICS 2902 CLASSICS 2902 drug traders pharmacists obstetricians gk maia lat obstetrix diseases found in texual evidence - -coughs diarrhea conjunctivitis physical deformities bad teeth reproductive health combat wounds diseases found in archaeological evidence - -bad teeth anaemia degenerative joint diseases physical deformaties combat wounds ancient egyptian medicine: 2 basic principals essental for medical culture - -1. MAAT - order, justice, balance 2. HEKA - access to power ancient egyptian medicine; MAAT - -order, justic, balance believed that god created himself before to cosmos in a balanced world gods (esp sun God Re) chose kings to maintain balance, order, justice believed theres a constant battle btw chaos/ order (Horus vs Seth) ^reflected in their medical thinking: disease creates chaos in our bodies, we want to restore order ancient egyptian medicine - religion and culture - -- natural occurances are MAAT at work - time is cyclical (all events repeat one way or another) and is reflected in diagnosis and treatments - MAAT affects relationships in natural and supernatural worlds - disease and health and manifestations of ones relationship with human/devine cumminities - no MAAT or balance = disease ancient egyptian medicine - 3 principles that make up magic - -Heka (access to power)+ SIA (creative knowledge) + Hu (command) CLASSICS 2902 CLASSICS 2902 Ancient egyptian medicine - magic/ how to access heka - -physical rite + oral rite + charging substance = get to heka king faro naturally has heka and is a mediator between gods and humans he can perform rituals that help maintain maat in all of egypt or individuals ancient egyptian healing deities - Sekhmet - -- causes plagues - can best affect healing - can appease Sekhmet through rituals ancient egyptian healing deities - MAAT - -- balance, order, justice - wards off chaos - opening of the mouth ceremony - rebirth into afterlife - can guarantee afterlife ancient egyptian healing deities - isis - -- very powerful - regal poer - sister of osiris and mother of horus - invoked during childbirth - helps with snack/ scorpian bites - one of longest lasting goddesses lasting into 6th century CE ancient egyptian healing deities - thoth - -- scribal god/ god of knowledge - god of writing and science but is also for healing - balances the violence of illness and peace of health - teaches isis to revive osiris - heals horus from a scorpian sting ancient egyptian healing deities - taweret - -goddess of pregnant and nursing women ancient egyptian healing deities - bes - -- god for pretection during childbirth, childhood, sleep egyptian vs roman medical approaches - -egyptian - hands on roman - avoided touching ancient egyptian process of restoring health - -disease = disruption of MAAT - patient must be obedient and maintain proper relationships to restore maat - obedience = submitting to healing god and methods - god will consider obedience and determine if its sufficient or not ^if yes, healed, if not, healer needs to reevaluate messages and find new treatment or try same one again ancient egyptian healers - swnw - -doctor/physician - maybe attached to gov/religious places, also house visits, helps with devine message CLASSICS 2902 CLASSICS 2902 - can be male or female ancient egyptian healers - wab (purity) priest - -- communication with gods - diagnoses/prognoses after assessing symptoms - focuses on obedience ancient egyptian healers - sau - -magician/ exorcists - somatic treatments - focus on communication ancient egyptian ancient antibiotics - -accidently used tetracyclines (antibiotics) - regular exposure to beer - barely had traces of streptomyces mesopotamian medicine - wheres mesopotamia - -modern day iraq mesopotamian medicine - most significant babylonian ruler - -hammurabi BCE mesopotamian medicine - religion and culture - -- no separation btw natural and supernatural - physical body and spirit are one - cosmology = all elements of the world have wills and conscious power - wind, water, plants are manifestations of greater powers that can be submitted and work for humans (farming) or larger than humans (storms) - hierarchy = gods spirits humans mesopotamian medicine - culture and religion tied into medicine continued - -* obedience and consideration was very. important to maintain relationship between different entities - bodies are mediums for entities to demonstrate their power *symptoms = encoded messages - sharing the power of gods provides protection from enemies - helpful to know each gods specialties to form better alliences - didnt care about physiological processes. were more concerned about figuring out the hidden message mesopotamian medicine healing deities - Marduk - -- patron of babylon - bull calf , son of enki attributes: - wisdom, judgement, magic, water, vegetation CLASSICS 2902 CLASSICS 2902 - not related to medicine but is the MOST SUPREME GOD - head of devine council "healer of the gods" mesopotamian medicine healing deities - Gula - -- patron goddess of isin heals a wide range of emergencies like: - healing hands, soothing bandage, dancerous scalpels - childbirth, skin ailments, stomach issues, muscles, teendons. blood vessels *also causes disease mesopotamian medicine healing deities - Asalluhi - -- paired wth gula in incantations - son and assistant of enki *has powers through association with other gods - assists a midwife mesopotamian medicine healing deities - Enki/Ea - -- god of fresh waters of the underworld attributes: - wisdom, magic, arts, crafts - sides with humans in conflicts against gods mesopotamian medicine healing deities - Utu/ Shamash - -- god of the sun, fathered by nanna (moon) attributes: truth, justice, protector of humans in legal and medical matter Utu vs Apollo - -Utu - mesopotamian sun god apollo - greek god assciated with the sun but also music, healing, prophesy mesopotamian medicine healing deities - Lamastu - -- mix of demonic and goddess spirit - has free will (rules for gods dont apply to her) - anti midwife but can target anyone - comes on the wind mesopotamian medicine healing deities - Asag/ Asakku - -Asag - smashing force CLASSICS 2902 CLASSICS 2902 Asakku - disorder - unpredictable - diseases due to his free will - targets musculoskeletal system and skin who is asag/asakku in confrontation with - -gula - musculoskeletal system and skin mesopotamian medicine - whats one reason they use gross ingredients in therapeutic recipies - -- helps them find charlatans (fake healers) mesopotamian medicine - therapeutic recipies - -- unpleasant ingredients - remedies could contain incantations (no distinction between treatment appraches) - healers have the power to cast out diseases through acting on behalf of gods mesopotamian medicine - sins and disease - -the person who is sick might not even be the one who sinned but they are taking the concequences mesopotamian medicine - healers and asu - -all healers owe their skill to gula asu = physician (healer) - examine physical symptons and find healing technique healing = communicate ritualistic obedience between human and devine mesopotamian medicine -whats an asipu - -exorcist/ magician - signs of the gods/ communication from the gods and tries to determine problem - gain skills through apprenticeship mesopotamian medicine - based on deities attributes/ areas of influence, which afflictions seem to be common? - -skin issues, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, childbirth, fertiity, battle wounds plato and timaeus (427-348 BCE) - -plato = athenian philosopher and student of socrates timaeus = dialauge where he talks and socrates listens - eplains the creation of the universe, role of devine reason, formation of human souls platos and timaeus - the demiurge, the 4 elements, universe as a living being, human souls - -the divine craftsman who creates the universe - goal is goodness and arranges the elements so the universe is self sufficent, harmonious and free of disease - 4 elements are earth, water, air, fire combined in precise propertions for stability and order CLASSICS 2902 CLASSICS 2902 - universe is a living being with a soul and intelegence that is self sufficient - human souls came from the same 4 elements. proper education and nurture allow the soul to align with nature - humans are imperfet because soul orbits are initially disturbed. need nurture to gain balance medical evidence in greek epic poetry - what elements it talks about - -- concepts of disease - knowledge of anatomy - practical methods - role of physicians and healers - divine intervention medical evidence in greek epic poetry - background info - -- written by Homer - 'deputy chief of medical staff with agamemnons army - 3 centuries before hippocrates medical evidence in greek epic poetry - healers in homeric poems - machaon and podalirius - -machaon & podalirius = main healers in poem - described as with many other men for cutting out of arrows and sprinking on of herbs - come from established medical families (shows that med knowledge is passed down) ^ the language apollo used to heal is the same as machaon (shows family connection) - poem tells us about devine ancestry *their ancestry is a combo of practical and devine elements (suports notion that they coexist) *they heal with their own knowledge and dont ask for help from gods greek healing dieties - apollo - -common image - sun, music archer - medicine - causes and cures disease - learned medicine from chiron and fathers asklepios with the nymph koronis epithets (description) - physician and healer (iatros and paean) main cultic site - delphi greek healing deities - artemis - -- twins with apollo - virgin goddess - causes death via arrows and heals CLASSICS 2902 CLASSICS 2902 - many incantations invoke her greek healing deities - chiron - -- medicinal herbs - first healer/physician - taught medicine to apollo and asklepios and many others greek healing deities - asklepios - -- snake and staff symbol (still used today) - son of apollp - bone through c sectoin and raised by chiron - killed by zeus for attempted resurrection of hippolytus KNOW THIS - -** no extant medical texts predating the hippocratic corpus (5th cBC - 2 cCE pre socratic - background - -- relatively good claims to empiricism and non reliance on supernatural - miletos (modern turkey) has philosophical schools - miletos is prosperous without strong religoius scene which is favorable for rational culture to develope - 6th c BCE theres a search for the natural first cause monists and rational system and their role in pre socratic times - -monists = reliance on a single cause - religion takes a back seat rational system = everythin has physeis (nature) just need to figure out how - they look for 1 single cause to disease and cosmos physeis - -nature pre socratic times - Thales - 585 BCE - -born in miletos - first philosopher to investigate natural world without devine explainations - focus on math and astronomy (thought earth was a floating sphere) - water was the underlying principle of all matter ^if it had water it had life - everything has a soul - initiated the search for the singly unifying principle pre socratic times - anaximander 560 BCE - -- argued that first principle was not elemental - believed things exist in paired opposites - allows for balance - underlying cause of everything is indefinite and always existed (divine) CLASSICS 2902 CLASSICS 2902 ^may originate from egyptian concept of nun (potential) pre socratics - anaximenes 546 BCE - -- student of anaximander - adopted idea of change with air as principle cause "as our soul, being air, holds us together, so do breath and air surround the whole universe" air is changable - rarefication (thinness), condensation (thickness) rarefication causes fire, condensation causes water/stone temperature of air can change pre socratics - heraclitus 500 BCE - -- from ephesos (NOT MILETOS ) - order is manifested in thought, speech, experience etc ^rationality represents unity of cosmos (similar to egyptian MAAT) - soul is cognitive not just animating - believed war and strife was father of all pre socratics - empedocles 5 c BCE - -- thought cosmos consist of 4 elements in proportional rations (air, earth, fire, water) blood = perfect balance of the elements and nourishes and creates body/ lfesh eye = made of all elements, vision is due to fire and water did an experiemnt with a water clock showing the pressure changes of air that changed how the water flowed blood letting - -ancient practice to deliberately draw blood - using leeches or cutting the vein - used to prevent illness by restoring the 4 humors single substance theory - what is it who discovered it, why it was rejected - -reality is eternal, unchanging and a single substance discovered by greek philosopher melissus - fails to explain pain, reproduction, varied cures the four humors - what are they, who popularized it, what it means - -- popularized by hippocrates into greek medicine 4 humors - blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile - each one has unique properties and inherited by parents - health depends on the balance between them. imbalance = disease CLASSICS 2902 CLASSICS 2902 Banausic prejudice - -elite athenians looked down on craftsmen who worked with their hands - elite athenians were people who spent their time thinking of philosophy, not doing work miasma - -means stain or pollution - greeks thought that blood was a miasma - thought that coming in contact with blood was really bad and if they did, theyd need to do alot of rituals to cleanse literally and spiritually - big reason why greek men looked down on women because they were frequently in contact with blood bc of menstration demiourgoi - -salaried doctors to support community also traveling doctors (hear about in airs, waters, places) first documented demiourgoi - -democedes - 6th century BCE - very famous - got caught by persians and tried to stay undercover but when persian king's egyptian doctors couldnt help him, they found democedes and he healed him and gained alot of recognition and sat at kings table hippocrates - -- unsure of exact lifetime but definitely lived in 5th century BCE - born in island of Cos and moved to Thessaly - family connections/ training from Asclepiads - known as wise sage/father of medicine hippocratic writtings - -- oath is likely not actually written by hippocrates - many texts had hippocrates name on it to give it more authority airs, waters, places - -- had hippocrates name on it but likely he didnt write it - author is uncertain, educated to some level, not elite but not at the bottom of the pyramid - audience was other physicians - was a handbook to traveling doctors - speaks about effects of geography and environment on diagnosis and treatments all about the hippocratic oath - --speaks abotu true and false doctors -pt 1. obligations of swearer in receiving/ passing knowledge) - pt 2. olibigations of medical practices/ patients - focus on healing but absolutely no harm even if that means not even trying - very religious - following the oath = good life, breaking oath - shame CLASSICS 2902 CLASSICS 2902 - summary of ideal ethical practice complications - notion of yielding to greater experience isnt found on the corpus - no strict division of deities and pharmacology - oath bans surgery - prohibition of poisonious drugs hippocratic philosophy - different causes of disease - -- caused by pathological residues or bodily secretions - changes in body's elements - all give natural explanations and believe the cause they identify is universal ninyas cause for disease - hipporactics - -congenital (from birth) vs non congenital conditions come from effects of residues philistions cause for disease - hipporactics - -3 general causes 1. imbalances btw bodily elements 2. bodys failure 3. external factors hipporactics - what did physicians believe caused disease? - -residues hipporactics - what did philosophers belive caused disease? - -elements hipporactics - timotheus of metapontum and author of the sacred disease believed what caused disease? - -believed some diseases originated in the head due to blocked passaged hipporactics - Aias cause for diease - -purging hipporactics - herodicus cause for disease - -resides because of lack of exercise, food remains indigested as harmful liquids - different diseases come from different harmful liquids hipporactics - philosophical notions/ theories of disease - breaths - -disease due to air hipporactics - philosophical notions/ theories of disease - places in man - -7 types of flux originating in the head and cause disease where they settle hipporactics - philosophical notions/ theories of disease -regimen - -humans are a biproduct of the interaction btw fire and water hipporactics - philosophical notions/ theories of disease - the nature of man - -the 4 humors CLASSICS 2902 health = balance of humours Hippocratic theory of the 4 humors - - - debate if theres 4 or 2 (bile and phlegm are esp important) - 4 cosmic elements - hot, cold, wet, dry hipporactics - characteristics of good physician - -- able to give accurate prognosis - focus on signs and symptoms and distinguish between important and not important symptoms - know whats wrong and how to properly treat (surrender to better training physicians if necessary) - hippocratics - most common treatment - -changing diet - more geared toward wealthy people CLASSICS 2902