PCB 4233 IMMUNOLOGY EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PCB 4233 IMMUNOLOGY EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 immune system 4 functions - Answers -distinguish between self and altered self -distinguish between self and foreign invaders -promote mutualistic microorganism interactions -distinguish between foreign pathogens fluMIST - Answers attentuated virus -not good for immunocompromised people intramuscular influenza vaccination - Answers inactivated virus Dr. Ron Fouchier - Answers used ferrets as model to test mechanisms regulating infectivity/pathogenicity - how to build a better influenza -restricted from publish - bioterrorism Hemagglutinin - Answers One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus; allows virus to fuse into the cell it is infecting Neuraminidase - Answers One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus; allows virus to exit infected cell which promotes the release of progeny viruses from infected cells (infectivity) Thucydides - Answers 430 BC noted that those who had recovered from plague could nurse the sick without repeat contraction of disease; first to come up with idea of immunis, meaning exempt variolation - Answers an early method of vaccination using infected material from a patient -15th century Turks and Chinese took dried crusts from smallpox pustules and inhaled/inserted into cuts of skin Ed Jenner - Answers 1798 - noted that milk maids who developed cowpox (milder disease) were immune to smallpox -inoculated 8 y/o with cowpox and infected with smallpox Pustules - Answers contain puss, immune cell, and attenuated virus -- resembles virus Smallpox - Answers A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fluid filled blisters on skin, scarring, blindness, and limb deformities -humans are the reservoir for the virus (unique to humans) -completely eradicated (vaccination is stronger than virus encountered in nature) -Variola major (30% death) or Variola minor (1%) attenuated vaccine - Answers vaccine composed of a weakened form of the pathogen that is generally unable to cause disease -Louis Pasteur mumps - Answers contagious viral disease that leads to painful swelling of the salivary glands -most common in age 2-12 if not vaccinated -12-24 day incubation period MMR vaccine - Answers protects against measles, mumps, and rubella; should be given to children 12-15 m/o and again between age 4-6 or 11-12 if not former herd immunity - Answers works by decreasing the number of individuals who can harbor and spread an infectious agent; significantly decreasing the chances that susceptible individuals will become infected George Snell Jean Dausset Baruj Benacerraf - Answers researched MHC Susumu Tonegawa - Answers researched gene rearrangement in antibody production Peter Doherty Rolf Zinkernagel - Answers researched role of MHC in antigen recognition by T cells Jules Hoffman Bruce Ceutler Ralph Steinman - Answers discovery of activating principles of innate immunity (Hoffman and Beutler) and role of DCs in adaptive immunity (Steinman) four types of pathogens - Answers virus, bacteria, fungi, parasite virus examples - Answers polio smallpox influenza measles AIDS bacteria examples - Answers tuberculosis tetanus whooping cough fungi examples - Answers thrush ringworm parasite infections - Answers malaria leishmaniasis Super Fungus Scare of 1980s - Answers Many people began to die with OI fungus that were usually cleared by IS -- due to lack of CD4 T cells characteristic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) early studies of immunology though that... - Answers serum could transfer immune state to unimmunized animals because soluble antibodies within serum could -neutralize -precipitate -agglutinate toxins Metchnikoff - Answers 1883 demonstrated phagocytosis by WBCs of microorganisms and other foreign materials -phagocytosis more in immunized animals -proposed that cells, not serum mediated IR 1940 Chase experiment - Answers transferred immunity to tuberculosis between guinea pigs using WBCs GATA-3 - Answers Transcription factor for innate lymphoid cell 2 (ILC-2); drive things to a TH2 (t helper) type of response which helps in the production of antibodies RORγT - Answers Transcription factor for ILC3 that helps in making a response against bacteria that are located where they are not supposed to be T-bet - Answers Transcription factors for ILC1 cells; helps respond to things on the inside PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) - Answers Molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. -ie: cell wall components, mannan, B-glucan, LPS, peptidoglycan, proteins DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns) - Answers endogenous molecules produced or released from a damaged cell that trigger phagocytes -annexins, phosphatidylserine, altered carbohydrates Opsonins - Answers proteins that make cells more attractive to phagocytes (ie complement, mannose binding lective, C reactive protein, and antibodies) -phagocytes dont need to know what they are binding/clearing! pattern recognition receptors - Answers receptors that recognize PAMPs; some trigger phagocytosis or activate another resopnse lysozyme - Answers non specific chemical that hydrolyzes peptidoglycan lactoferrin/transferrin - Answers nonspecific chemical that binds iron so that pathogens cannot use it calprotectin - Answers non specific chemical that chelates zinc and manganese of Staph aureus psoriasin - Answers non specific chemical produced by human skin/tongue that inhibits the growth of cationic peptides - Answers non specific chemical that disrupt cell membranes, interfere with transport bacteriocins - Answers proteins produced by one bacterium that inhibits another; gives producers an adaptive advantage against others -produced by Gram + and Gram - cells Colicins - Answers bacteriocins produced by E. coli Lantibiotics - Answers Antibacterial peptides produced by some Gram-positive bacteria. outcomes of complement activation - Answers opsonization, stimulation of inflammatory mediators, lysis of microbes -all lead to MAC attack Interferons (IFNs) - Answers antiviral proteins that may act as cytokines -type II IFNγ produced by NK and T cells- part of innate and adaptive Type I IFNs (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta and tau) - Answers produced by virally infected cell B cell receptor (BCR) - Answers Molecule on the surface of a B cell that binds to a specific antigen; essentially an antibody with transmembrane domain -ability to recognize molecules other than proteins (unlike T cells) monocytes - Answers highly phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes; circulate for ~8 hours and then mature into macrophages macrophages - Answers highly phagocytic mature monocytes that reside in specific tissues Gut Macrophages - Answers intestinal macrophages lung macrophages - Answers alveolar macrophages connective tissue macrophages - Answers histiocytes liver macrophages - Answers Kupffer cell kidney macrophages - Answers mesangial cells Brain/CNS macrophages - Answers microglial cells bone macrophages - Answers osteoclasts activated macrophages - Answers -greater phagocytosis -increased ability to kill ingested microbes -increased secretion of inflammatory mediators -produce distinct cytotoxic proteins -express higher levels of MHCII neutrophils - Answers highly phagocytic PMN WBC granulocyte containing lytic enzymes/reactive oxygen metabolites; 50-70% circulating leukocytes; circulate blood and migrate to infection site -stain at neutral pH leukocytosis - Answers a transient increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood Eosinophils - Answers phagocytic granulocyte that defends against protozoan and helminth parasites; releases cationic proteins and ROS -allergic reactions -stain red with acidic dyes basophils/mast cells - Answers non-phagocytic bone-marrow derived granulocytes that release histamine and other pharmacologically active chemics -allergies/hypersensitivities Cluster of Differentiation (CD) - Answers distinguishable surface proteins of specific lymphocytes CD3 - Answers -present on all T cells -signal transduction element of T cell receptor CD4 - Answers -present on T helper cells -adhesion molecule that binds to MHC II -involved in signal transduction CD8 - Answers -present in T cytotoxic cells -may be present on NK cells -adhesion molecule that binds to MHC I -involved in signal transduction CD16 (FcγRII) - Answers -present on B cells and NKT cells -low affinity receptor for Fc region of IgG antibody -responsible for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity CD28 - Answers -present on all T cells -receptor for costimulatory B7 molecule on APCs ( CD28 molecule on T cells interact with B7 on APCs -- corresponding receptors) CD40 - Answers -present on B cells -involved in signal transduction Follicular dendritic cells - Answers A cell with extensive dendritic extensions that is found in the B cell follicles of lymph nodes. -do not express class II MHC molecules (but MHCI because it is nucleated) -richly endowed with receptors for complement and Fc receptors for antibody. -do not arise from BM -impt for B cell maturation natural killers - Answers non-phagocytic granular lymphocytes that kill malignant or pathogen-infected cells similar to Tc cells Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity - Answers antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells natural killer T cells (NKT cells) - Answers -characteristics of NK and T cells -have TCR and interacts with MHC-related CD1 and glycolipids -express CD16 -used on ADCC -secrete large amount of cytokines to support Ab production and inflammation CD4/8 T cell activation signals - Answers 1) MHC-antigen + TCR 2) CD80 + CD86/CD28 - allows T cell to leave quiescent state and enter cell cycle -- begin to proliferate 3) cytokine environment - tell T cell what to do CD4+ T Helper cells - Answers cells of the adaptive immune system that: -helps B cells in isotype switching and antibody production -helps macrophages in maturation process -helps CD8 T cells by enhancing cytolytic properties -IFNγ, IL-12 production