Nu 607 Advanced Pharmacology quiz 1
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1. Drug: any chemical that can affect living processes
2. Pharmacology: the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
3. Clinical Pharmacology: study of drugs in humans
4. therapeutics: The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy
Also known as pharmacotherapeutics.
5. What percentage of the population in the US take at least one medication?
- A. 10%
- B. 25%
- C. 33%
- D. 50%: C.
6. What is pharmacokinetics?: Study of a drug movement throughout the body, including how a drug
gets to the site of action, and how the body handles medications
7. Pharmacokinetics looks at what the body does to the drug to give us applica-
tions to clinical practice: Allows us to understand how the body handles the medication
Helps us understand actions and side effects of the drug
Helps us understand obstacle drug faces to reach target cells as the blood needs to go to bloodstream to interstitial
fluid to the organ to individual cells, and then through cell membrane to reach intracellular organelles to exert its action
8. What are the four basic pharmacokinetic processes?: 1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
Mnemonic ADME
9. ADME: A = drug absorption (which permits entry of the drug into plasma)
D = drug leaves the bloodstream to distribute into the interstitial and intracellular
fluids - getting to where it needs to go
M = hepatic metabolism
E = renal excretion
10. The combination of metabolism plus excretion is called...: elimination
11. A drugs movement from site of administration into the blood: Absorption
12. How does absorption take place?: Transport of drugs across the mucosal cells in the G.I. tract
13. A drugs movement from the blood to the interstitial spaces of tissues and
from there into cells: Distribution
, Nu 607 Advanced Pharmacology quiz 1
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14. Movement of drugs, and their metabolites out of the body: excretion
15. Are acidic drugs absorbed in the stomach?: Yes
16. Why is it a challenge for acidic drugs to be absorbed in the stomach in the
elderly?: Gastric secretions tend to be more alkaline in the elderly so medication, such as aspirin may not be as
well absorbed
17. What makes drug absorption possible in the stomach?: Acidic medication's remain
uncharged and pass easily through gastric mucosal tissue due to stomachs acidic environment
Needs to be a small molecule and weakly acidic
18. What drugs are absorbed by the stomach easily?: Caffeine
Phenytoin
Warfarin
Salicylic acid or aspirin
Thiopental
secobarbital
antipyrine
19. Are alkaline drugs, absorbed in the stomach?: No
20. What is first pass metabolism?: PO drugs are absorbed from small intestine -->
Taken to liver via portal circulation -->
Immediately transformed via liver enzymes
Enjoys large percentage of active ingredient
21. Where are alkaline drugs absorbed?: small intestine
22. The major barrier to passage of a drug through a cell is: Cytoplasmic membrane
23. What are the three ways to cross a cell membrane?: 1) passage through channels or
pores
2) passage with the aid of a transport system
3) direct penetration of the membrane itself (most common)
24. What is the most common way to cross a cell membrane?: direct penetration
25. Pharmacodynamics: The study of what the drug does to the body and how they do it
26. dose-response relationship: Determine minimum amount of drug needed to elicit a response, the
maximum response a drug can elicit, and how to increase the dosage to produce the desired increase in response.
, Nu 607 Advanced Pharmacology quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cmefqe
27. What is the difference between drug action and drug effect?: Drug action is how a
drug works on the body
drug effect is what the drug does such as relieve pain
28. What are the three phases of a dose-response relationship?: Phase 1 dose, too small
to elicit response
Phase 2 increase in does illicit corresponding increase in response
Phase 3 curve levels off. Bigger doses, not able to elicit a further increase in response.
29. What is maximal efficacy?: the point at which increasing a drug's dosage no longer increases the
desired therapeutic response
30. What is relative potency?: amount of drug given to elicit an effect, more potent drugs can be given in
smaller dose.
An example would be a smaller dose of morphine versus a larger dose of meperidine to elicit the same response
meaning, morphine is more potent than meperidine.
31. What receptor type spans the cell membrane?: Cell membrane-embedded enzymes
32. cell membrane embedded enzymes: Receptors that span the cell membrane; domain is located
on the cell surface with the enzyme's catalytic site inside; response occurs in seconds. i.e. insulin
33. ligand-gated ion channel: -Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when
the receptor changes shape.
-Each channel is specific for a particular ion.
-When endogenous ligand and or agonist drug binds to receptor, the channel opens allowing flow, inward or outward,
depends on concentration gradient of ions across the membrane.
-Acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid act on this receptor.
34. G protein-coupled receptor system: Binding of endogenous ligand or agonist drug which
activates receptor-> Which in turn activates G-protein-> G-protein activates effector
Examples would be norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and many peptide hormones
35. What is a drug receptor?: Any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to produce its
effects
36. What binds to guanosine triphosphate (GTP)?: G proteins
37. transcription factors: Regulates protein synthesis,
Found within cell rather than on surface
Responses to activation of these receptors are delayed
Situated on DNA in cell nucleus
, Nu 607 Advanced Pharmacology quiz 1
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38. What are examples of endogenous ligands that act through transcription
factors: Thyroid hormone
steroid hormone such as progesterone, testosterone, cortisol
39. single occupancy theory: The intensity of the body's response to the drug is directly related to the
number of receptors occupied by the drug.
The maximum response occurs when all of the receptors have drug molecules attached.
40. Can only be activated by ligands that are sufficiently lipid soluble to cross the
cell membrane: Transcription factors
41. modified occupancy theory: affinity and intrinsic activity related to drug receptor interaction
Affinity refers to strength of attraction between drug and receptor
Intrinsic activity refers to ability of drug to activate receptor after binding
42. A drug with high affinity is
A. Strongly attracted to receptors.
B. Weakly attracted to receptors.: A.
43. a drug with low affinity: must be administered in higher doses to bind to the receptors
44. Drugs with high affinity: are very potent
45. Drugs with high intrinsic activity: cause intense receptor activation
46. Drugs with low intrinsic activity: Causes only slight activation of receptor
47. Drugs with high intrinsic activity have: high maximal efficacy. (by causing intense receptor
activation, they are able to cause intense responses.) the intensity of the response to a drug is still related to the number
of receptors occupied.
48. Drugs that mimic the bodies own regulatory molecules: Agonist
49. Drugs that block the actions of endogenous regulators on receptors: antagonists
50. What is a partial agonist?: A drug that binds to its receptor but produces a smaller effect at full dosage
than a full agonist
The degree of pain relief that can be achieved with pentazocine is lower than the relief that can be obtained with
meperidine would be an example.
51. What can act as both an antagonist and an agonist?: Partial agonist, or otherwise known
as agonist-antagonist
52. Receptors on the heart activated by acetylcholine or drugs that mimic the
action of acetylcholine: Cause heart rate to decrease. They are agonists
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cmefqe
1. Drug: any chemical that can affect living processes
2. Pharmacology: the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
3. Clinical Pharmacology: study of drugs in humans
4. therapeutics: The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy
Also known as pharmacotherapeutics.
5. What percentage of the population in the US take at least one medication?
- A. 10%
- B. 25%
- C. 33%
- D. 50%: C.
6. What is pharmacokinetics?: Study of a drug movement throughout the body, including how a drug
gets to the site of action, and how the body handles medications
7. Pharmacokinetics looks at what the body does to the drug to give us applica-
tions to clinical practice: Allows us to understand how the body handles the medication
Helps us understand actions and side effects of the drug
Helps us understand obstacle drug faces to reach target cells as the blood needs to go to bloodstream to interstitial
fluid to the organ to individual cells, and then through cell membrane to reach intracellular organelles to exert its action
8. What are the four basic pharmacokinetic processes?: 1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
Mnemonic ADME
9. ADME: A = drug absorption (which permits entry of the drug into plasma)
D = drug leaves the bloodstream to distribute into the interstitial and intracellular
fluids - getting to where it needs to go
M = hepatic metabolism
E = renal excretion
10. The combination of metabolism plus excretion is called...: elimination
11. A drugs movement from site of administration into the blood: Absorption
12. How does absorption take place?: Transport of drugs across the mucosal cells in the G.I. tract
13. A drugs movement from the blood to the interstitial spaces of tissues and
from there into cells: Distribution
, Nu 607 Advanced Pharmacology quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cmefqe
14. Movement of drugs, and their metabolites out of the body: excretion
15. Are acidic drugs absorbed in the stomach?: Yes
16. Why is it a challenge for acidic drugs to be absorbed in the stomach in the
elderly?: Gastric secretions tend to be more alkaline in the elderly so medication, such as aspirin may not be as
well absorbed
17. What makes drug absorption possible in the stomach?: Acidic medication's remain
uncharged and pass easily through gastric mucosal tissue due to stomachs acidic environment
Needs to be a small molecule and weakly acidic
18. What drugs are absorbed by the stomach easily?: Caffeine
Phenytoin
Warfarin
Salicylic acid or aspirin
Thiopental
secobarbital
antipyrine
19. Are alkaline drugs, absorbed in the stomach?: No
20. What is first pass metabolism?: PO drugs are absorbed from small intestine -->
Taken to liver via portal circulation -->
Immediately transformed via liver enzymes
Enjoys large percentage of active ingredient
21. Where are alkaline drugs absorbed?: small intestine
22. The major barrier to passage of a drug through a cell is: Cytoplasmic membrane
23. What are the three ways to cross a cell membrane?: 1) passage through channels or
pores
2) passage with the aid of a transport system
3) direct penetration of the membrane itself (most common)
24. What is the most common way to cross a cell membrane?: direct penetration
25. Pharmacodynamics: The study of what the drug does to the body and how they do it
26. dose-response relationship: Determine minimum amount of drug needed to elicit a response, the
maximum response a drug can elicit, and how to increase the dosage to produce the desired increase in response.
, Nu 607 Advanced Pharmacology quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cmefqe
27. What is the difference between drug action and drug effect?: Drug action is how a
drug works on the body
drug effect is what the drug does such as relieve pain
28. What are the three phases of a dose-response relationship?: Phase 1 dose, too small
to elicit response
Phase 2 increase in does illicit corresponding increase in response
Phase 3 curve levels off. Bigger doses, not able to elicit a further increase in response.
29. What is maximal efficacy?: the point at which increasing a drug's dosage no longer increases the
desired therapeutic response
30. What is relative potency?: amount of drug given to elicit an effect, more potent drugs can be given in
smaller dose.
An example would be a smaller dose of morphine versus a larger dose of meperidine to elicit the same response
meaning, morphine is more potent than meperidine.
31. What receptor type spans the cell membrane?: Cell membrane-embedded enzymes
32. cell membrane embedded enzymes: Receptors that span the cell membrane; domain is located
on the cell surface with the enzyme's catalytic site inside; response occurs in seconds. i.e. insulin
33. ligand-gated ion channel: -Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when
the receptor changes shape.
-Each channel is specific for a particular ion.
-When endogenous ligand and or agonist drug binds to receptor, the channel opens allowing flow, inward or outward,
depends on concentration gradient of ions across the membrane.
-Acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid act on this receptor.
34. G protein-coupled receptor system: Binding of endogenous ligand or agonist drug which
activates receptor-> Which in turn activates G-protein-> G-protein activates effector
Examples would be norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and many peptide hormones
35. What is a drug receptor?: Any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to produce its
effects
36. What binds to guanosine triphosphate (GTP)?: G proteins
37. transcription factors: Regulates protein synthesis,
Found within cell rather than on surface
Responses to activation of these receptors are delayed
Situated on DNA in cell nucleus
, Nu 607 Advanced Pharmacology quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cmefqe
38. What are examples of endogenous ligands that act through transcription
factors: Thyroid hormone
steroid hormone such as progesterone, testosterone, cortisol
39. single occupancy theory: The intensity of the body's response to the drug is directly related to the
number of receptors occupied by the drug.
The maximum response occurs when all of the receptors have drug molecules attached.
40. Can only be activated by ligands that are sufficiently lipid soluble to cross the
cell membrane: Transcription factors
41. modified occupancy theory: affinity and intrinsic activity related to drug receptor interaction
Affinity refers to strength of attraction between drug and receptor
Intrinsic activity refers to ability of drug to activate receptor after binding
42. A drug with high affinity is
A. Strongly attracted to receptors.
B. Weakly attracted to receptors.: A.
43. a drug with low affinity: must be administered in higher doses to bind to the receptors
44. Drugs with high affinity: are very potent
45. Drugs with high intrinsic activity: cause intense receptor activation
46. Drugs with low intrinsic activity: Causes only slight activation of receptor
47. Drugs with high intrinsic activity have: high maximal efficacy. (by causing intense receptor
activation, they are able to cause intense responses.) the intensity of the response to a drug is still related to the number
of receptors occupied.
48. Drugs that mimic the bodies own regulatory molecules: Agonist
49. Drugs that block the actions of endogenous regulators on receptors: antagonists
50. What is a partial agonist?: A drug that binds to its receptor but produces a smaller effect at full dosage
than a full agonist
The degree of pain relief that can be achieved with pentazocine is lower than the relief that can be obtained with
meperidine would be an example.
51. What can act as both an antagonist and an agonist?: Partial agonist, or otherwise known
as agonist-antagonist
52. Receptors on the heart activated by acetylcholine or drugs that mimic the
action of acetylcholine: Cause heart rate to decrease. They are agonists
