EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY
MANUAL
9TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)WILLIAM BEAM, GENE
ADAMS
TEST BANK
1️⃣ Reference: Ch. 1️ — General Organization — CNS vs PNS
Clinical/Applied Stem:
A patient with a spinal cord injury has lost voluntary movement
below the level of the lesion but still has some peripheral reflex
activity in the legs. On exam, the physician explains that the
injury affects the central nervous system rather than the
peripheral nerves. Which structure is included in the CNS?
Options:
A. Cranial nerves
B. Spinal nerve roots
C. Brain and spinal cord
D. Peripheral ganglia
,Correct Answer: C. Brain and spinal cord
Rationale:
Correct Answer: The central nervous system consists of the
brain and spinal cord. A lesion there can interrupt descending
motor pathways while preserving some reflex circuitry below
the lesion.
A: Cranial nerves are generally part of the peripheral
nervous system except for their central nuclei and intracranial
tracts.
B: Spinal nerve roots are peripheral structures, not CNS
tissue.
D: Peripheral ganglia belong to the PNS, not the CNS.
Teaching Point: CNS = brain and spinal cord; PNS = nerves and
ganglia.
Citation: Goldberg, S. Clinical Neuroanatomy Made Ridiculously
Simple (6th ed.), Ch. 1️.
2️⃣ Reference: Ch. 1️ — General Organization — Gray Matter vs
White Matter
Clinical/Applied Stem:
MRI shows a focal lesion in the spinal cord affecting the region
containing neuronal cell bodies, not myelinated axons. The
clinician notes that this area is essential for synaptic processing
and local integration. Which tissue is primarily involved?
,Options:
A. White matter
B. Gray matter
C. Peripheral nerve
D. Dorsal root ganglion only
Correct Answer: B. Gray matter
Rationale:
Correct Answer: Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies,
dendrites, and synapses, making it the main site of local
processing. In the spinal cord, it forms the “butterfly” or H-
shaped central region.
A: White matter is mainly myelinated axons, not cell bodies.
C: Peripheral nerves are outside the CNS and are not the
primary location described.
D: Dorsal root ganglia are peripheral sensory cell body
clusters, but the question describes spinal cord tissue.
Teaching Point: Gray matter processes; white matter conducts.
Citation: Goldberg, S. Clinical Neuroanatomy Made Ridiculously
Simple (6th ed.), Ch. 1️.
3️⃣ Reference: Ch. 1️ — General Organization — Afferent vs
Efferent
Clinical/Applied Stem:
A patient cannot feel pinprick in the right foot, but motor
, strength is preserved. The clinician explains that the problem is
in the pathway carrying information toward the CNS. Which
term best describes that pathway?
Options:
A. Efferent
B. Somatic motor
C. Afferent
D. Autonomic efferent
Correct Answer: C. Afferent
Rationale:
Correct Answer: Afferent pathways carry sensory
information toward the CNS. Loss of pinprick with preserved
strength suggests a sensory, not motor, pathway problem.
A: Efferent pathways carry signals away from the CNS.
B: Somatic motor fibers control voluntary muscle
movement, not sensation.
D: Autonomic efferents regulate smooth muscle, cardiac
muscle, and glands, not cutaneous pain sensation.
Teaching Point: Afferent = toward CNS; efferent = away from
CNS.
Citation: Goldberg, S. Clinical Neuroanatomy Made Ridiculously
Simple (6th ed.), Ch. 1️.
MANUAL
9TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)WILLIAM BEAM, GENE
ADAMS
TEST BANK
1️⃣ Reference: Ch. 1️ — General Organization — CNS vs PNS
Clinical/Applied Stem:
A patient with a spinal cord injury has lost voluntary movement
below the level of the lesion but still has some peripheral reflex
activity in the legs. On exam, the physician explains that the
injury affects the central nervous system rather than the
peripheral nerves. Which structure is included in the CNS?
Options:
A. Cranial nerves
B. Spinal nerve roots
C. Brain and spinal cord
D. Peripheral ganglia
,Correct Answer: C. Brain and spinal cord
Rationale:
Correct Answer: The central nervous system consists of the
brain and spinal cord. A lesion there can interrupt descending
motor pathways while preserving some reflex circuitry below
the lesion.
A: Cranial nerves are generally part of the peripheral
nervous system except for their central nuclei and intracranial
tracts.
B: Spinal nerve roots are peripheral structures, not CNS
tissue.
D: Peripheral ganglia belong to the PNS, not the CNS.
Teaching Point: CNS = brain and spinal cord; PNS = nerves and
ganglia.
Citation: Goldberg, S. Clinical Neuroanatomy Made Ridiculously
Simple (6th ed.), Ch. 1️.
2️⃣ Reference: Ch. 1️ — General Organization — Gray Matter vs
White Matter
Clinical/Applied Stem:
MRI shows a focal lesion in the spinal cord affecting the region
containing neuronal cell bodies, not myelinated axons. The
clinician notes that this area is essential for synaptic processing
and local integration. Which tissue is primarily involved?
,Options:
A. White matter
B. Gray matter
C. Peripheral nerve
D. Dorsal root ganglion only
Correct Answer: B. Gray matter
Rationale:
Correct Answer: Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies,
dendrites, and synapses, making it the main site of local
processing. In the spinal cord, it forms the “butterfly” or H-
shaped central region.
A: White matter is mainly myelinated axons, not cell bodies.
C: Peripheral nerves are outside the CNS and are not the
primary location described.
D: Dorsal root ganglia are peripheral sensory cell body
clusters, but the question describes spinal cord tissue.
Teaching Point: Gray matter processes; white matter conducts.
Citation: Goldberg, S. Clinical Neuroanatomy Made Ridiculously
Simple (6th ed.), Ch. 1️.
3️⃣ Reference: Ch. 1️ — General Organization — Afferent vs
Efferent
Clinical/Applied Stem:
A patient cannot feel pinprick in the right foot, but motor
, strength is preserved. The clinician explains that the problem is
in the pathway carrying information toward the CNS. Which
term best describes that pathway?
Options:
A. Efferent
B. Somatic motor
C. Afferent
D. Autonomic efferent
Correct Answer: C. Afferent
Rationale:
Correct Answer: Afferent pathways carry sensory
information toward the CNS. Loss of pinprick with preserved
strength suggests a sensory, not motor, pathway problem.
A: Efferent pathways carry signals away from the CNS.
B: Somatic motor fibers control voluntary muscle
movement, not sensation.
D: Autonomic efferents regulate smooth muscle, cardiac
muscle, and glands, not cutaneous pain sensation.
Teaching Point: Afferent = toward CNS; efferent = away from
CNS.
Citation: Goldberg, S. Clinical Neuroanatomy Made Ridiculously
Simple (6th ed.), Ch. 1️.
