Page | 1
NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 1
NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS/GRADED A+//
LATEST UPDATED
Intravasation: Cancer cells invade and move through the walls
of nearby lymph vessels or blood vessels.
Circulation: Cancer cells move through the lymphatic system
and the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
Arrest and extravasation: Cancer cells arrest, or stop moving, in
small blood vessels called capillaries at a distant location. They
then invade the walls of the capillaries and migrate into the
surrounding tissue (extravasation).
Proliferation: Cancer cells multiply at the distant location to form
small tumors known as micro metastases.
Angiogenesis: Micrometastases stimulate the growth of new
blood vessels to obtain a blood supply. A blood supply is
needed to obtain the oxygen and nutrients necessary for
continued tumor growth.
, Page | 2
Mast Cell - correct answer-major step of the inflammatory
cascade and has an effect on every other aspect of the
inflammatory cascade
Histamine - correct answer-released by mast cells; responsible
for vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, increase blood
Atrophy - correct answer-E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and
degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism
of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of
cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or
nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - correct answer-E: cells increase in number,
mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after
damage or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal,
or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of
production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of
hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement during
pregnancy
, Page | 3
Dysplasia - correct answer-E. Not true adaptation; Cells
abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as
mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered
cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly
proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up
on pap smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often
show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo
laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - correct answer-E: reversible change, one type of
cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic
stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area,
stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the
influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of
smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings
are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys:
Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar
epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - correct answer-E. inadequate oxygenation of
tissues
, Page | 4
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of
ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - correct answer-E. normal byproduct of
ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust
intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's
disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - correct answer-E. mood altering drug, long term
effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6,
thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver,
hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis - correct answer-Na and H2O enter cell and cause
swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and
pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
Fatty Infiltration - correct answer-intracellular accumulation of
lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat
diet. can lead to cirrhosis
NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 1
NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS/GRADED A+//
LATEST UPDATED
Intravasation: Cancer cells invade and move through the walls
of nearby lymph vessels or blood vessels.
Circulation: Cancer cells move through the lymphatic system
and the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
Arrest and extravasation: Cancer cells arrest, or stop moving, in
small blood vessels called capillaries at a distant location. They
then invade the walls of the capillaries and migrate into the
surrounding tissue (extravasation).
Proliferation: Cancer cells multiply at the distant location to form
small tumors known as micro metastases.
Angiogenesis: Micrometastases stimulate the growth of new
blood vessels to obtain a blood supply. A blood supply is
needed to obtain the oxygen and nutrients necessary for
continued tumor growth.
, Page | 2
Mast Cell - correct answer-major step of the inflammatory
cascade and has an effect on every other aspect of the
inflammatory cascade
Histamine - correct answer-released by mast cells; responsible
for vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, increase blood
Atrophy - correct answer-E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and
degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism
of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of
cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or
nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - correct answer-E: cells increase in number,
mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after
damage or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal,
or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of
production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of
hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement during
pregnancy
, Page | 3
Dysplasia - correct answer-E. Not true adaptation; Cells
abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as
mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered
cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly
proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up
on pap smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often
show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo
laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - correct answer-E: reversible change, one type of
cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic
stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area,
stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the
influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of
smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings
are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys:
Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar
epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - correct answer-E. inadequate oxygenation of
tissues
, Page | 4
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of
ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - correct answer-E. normal byproduct of
ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust
intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's
disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - correct answer-E. mood altering drug, long term
effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6,
thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver,
hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis - correct answer-Na and H2O enter cell and cause
swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and
pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
Fatty Infiltration - correct answer-intracellular accumulation of
lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat
diet. can lead to cirrhosis
