NR503 POPULATION HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY
AND STATISTICAL PRINCIPLES WEEK 4
MIDTERM COMPREHENSIVE STUDY SHEET 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ what is the most cost-effective strategy to improve current health
status and prevent chronic disease. Answer: secondary
prevention/intervention
◉ secondary intervention examples. Answer: screening and
diagnosis
BP checks
glucose monitoring
etc
◉ tertiary intervention examles. Answer: Aimed at rehabilitation of
the patient to highest functioning level and preventing deterioration
of the patient
◉ internal validity. Answer: study measures what it was supposed to
measure
,◉ external validity. Answer: generalizability of results to other
populations
◉ Reliable. Answer: the ability of the test results being replicated if
the test is repeated
◉ Probability. Answer: study of the laws of chance
◉ Sensitivity. Answer: tests ability to yield a negative result when
the person does not have the condition
◉ Gold standard. Answer: Tests with 100% sensitivity and
specificity
◉ Positive predictive value. Answer: The probability of the person
actually having the disease when the screening test or diagnostic
test is positive
◉ Negative predictive value. Answer: The probability of the person
being free of disease the disease when the screening test or
diagnostic test is negative
◉ clinically significant. Answer: a result that is statistically
significant and clinically useful
, ◉ Likelihood ratio. Answer: combines sensitivity and specificity data
to help clinician quantify how much the odds of disease change
based on a positive or negative test result
◉ 10 elements of surveillance. Answer: Morbidity
Lab reporting
Demographic/environmental data
Distribution of animal reservoirs/vectors
Utilization of biological agents and rugs
Epidemic field investigation
Surveys
Individual case investigation
Epidemic reporting
◉ 5w's of epidemiology. Answer: what= health issue of concern
who=person
where= place
when=time
why/how= causes, risk factors, modes of transmission
AND STATISTICAL PRINCIPLES WEEK 4
MIDTERM COMPREHENSIVE STUDY SHEET 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ what is the most cost-effective strategy to improve current health
status and prevent chronic disease. Answer: secondary
prevention/intervention
◉ secondary intervention examples. Answer: screening and
diagnosis
BP checks
glucose monitoring
etc
◉ tertiary intervention examles. Answer: Aimed at rehabilitation of
the patient to highest functioning level and preventing deterioration
of the patient
◉ internal validity. Answer: study measures what it was supposed to
measure
,◉ external validity. Answer: generalizability of results to other
populations
◉ Reliable. Answer: the ability of the test results being replicated if
the test is repeated
◉ Probability. Answer: study of the laws of chance
◉ Sensitivity. Answer: tests ability to yield a negative result when
the person does not have the condition
◉ Gold standard. Answer: Tests with 100% sensitivity and
specificity
◉ Positive predictive value. Answer: The probability of the person
actually having the disease when the screening test or diagnostic
test is positive
◉ Negative predictive value. Answer: The probability of the person
being free of disease the disease when the screening test or
diagnostic test is negative
◉ clinically significant. Answer: a result that is statistically
significant and clinically useful
, ◉ Likelihood ratio. Answer: combines sensitivity and specificity data
to help clinician quantify how much the odds of disease change
based on a positive or negative test result
◉ 10 elements of surveillance. Answer: Morbidity
Lab reporting
Demographic/environmental data
Distribution of animal reservoirs/vectors
Utilization of biological agents and rugs
Epidemic field investigation
Surveys
Individual case investigation
Epidemic reporting
◉ 5w's of epidemiology. Answer: what= health issue of concern
who=person
where= place
when=time
why/how= causes, risk factors, modes of transmission
