HIEU 322 Final Exam Questions and Answers With Verified Solutions 2025
First Triumvirate - Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus
Pompey - Leading Roman general in the late Republic.
As a statesman, he spoke poorly and awkwardly, and often fell back on silence because he could think of
nothing to say.
Main ambition was to be admired as Rome's greatest hero.
Marcus Licinius Crassus - Was of nobility, and was noted for his ambition and business savvy, particularly
in the acquisition of burned property, which he would repair or rebuild for a profit.
Put down the rebellion of Spartacus
The Consulship of Pompey and Crassus - In 70 B.C., both Pompey and Crassus were elected as consuls.
1. Passed a law to restore to the tribunes all powers taken away by Sulla.
2. Proposed a law to restore citizenship to all who had fought under Lepidus and Sertorius.
3. Revived the censorship, dormant since Sulla's time.
4. Successfully supported a law that broke the senatorial monopoly on jury service.
The lex Gabinia - Enacted in 67 B.C. by the consul Gabinius to appoint Pompey as a centralized
commander to combat pirates.
1. The commander's authority, superior to that of the provincial governors, extended over all coastal
lands up to 50 Roman miles from the sea.
2. He could draw from the public treasury.
3. He could raise a fleet up to 500 ships, and recruit an army of 120,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry.
,Pompey in the eastern Mediterranean - 1. Cleaned the Mediterranean of pirates in 40 days.
2. Took Jerusalem in 63 B.C., ending Jewish independence
Pompey's victory - Victory rested upon:
A. His overwhelming superiority of armaments.
B. His treatment of captives. Instead of following the usual Roman practice of crucifying or selling them
into slavery he resettled those who surrendered on farms or villages in Asia Minor.
Julius Caesar (First Triumvirate) - Between 59 and 52 B.C. he built an impressive political and military
reputation—serving first as consul, and then fighting in the Gallic War.
He was smart, unconventional, and bold almost to the point of recklessness.
The Breakdown of the First Triumvirate - 1. The death of Crassus in Syria in 53 B.C.
2. Pompey- with his geographical proximity to Rome and the rise of gang violence in Rome that he was
called upon to put down- believed that he was within reach of being a traditional leader.
3. The death of Pompey's wife (and Caesar's daughter) ended the family connection between Caesar
and Pompey.
4. In 50 B.C., the optimates tried to force Caesar from command in Gaul, and commissioned Pompey to
lead two legions against him.
The death of Crassus in Syria in 53 B.C. - Wanting to enhance his military reputation, Crassus attacked
the Parthians to his east.
Killed at Carrhae
Crossing the Rubicon - In January 49 B.C., Caesar- claiming to be acting in the defense of the tribunes--
crossed the Rubicon River, and moved toward Rome with his army (6 legions or 30,000 infantry and
3,000 cavalry).
,Marked the beginning of the Roman Civil War.
The Roman Civil War, 49-45 B.C. - 1. As Caesar marched toward Rome, Pompey's two trained legions-
mostly veterans from Caesar's campaigns- abandoned him
2. Occupied Rome and became dictator (December 49 B.C.).
3. The Battle of Pharsalus (August 48 B.C.)
4. Intervened on behalf of Cleopatra in the Egyptian civil war, installing her to power over her brother in
47 B.C.
5. Between 47 and 45 B.C., he dealt with- and defeated-- the supporters of Pompey (including Cato) in
Africa and Spain.
The Battle of Pharsalus (August 48 B.C.) - Caesar pursued Pompey to Greece
Clashed in Thessaly (at Pharsalus), where he divisively defeated Pompey
Numerical advantage--
Pompey's Advantage at Pharsalus - Numerical advantage--
Caesar's total force: 30,000
Pompey's total force: 55,000
Held the higher ground
Possessed ample supplies from Greek allies
Pompey's Mistake at Pharsalus - Failed to charge, allowing Caesar's exhausted men- who had begun a
charge from a great distance away- to stop and rest
, Death of Pompey - Pompey fled to Egypt, where Ptolemy XIII- in a civil war with his famous sister
Cleopatra VII- murdered Pompey in an attempt to link their cause with the rising Caesar.
They cut off Pompey's head, pickled it in brine for a gift to Caesar, and left the body to rot on the shore.
Reforms of Julius Caesar - 1. Established law and order-- put down street gangs in Rome
2. Reduced the number of unemployed from 320,000 to 150,000 through a public works project.
3. Cancelled interest on debts
4. Extended citizenship to a number of people—especially those groups (such as the Jews) that had
supported him in his military campaigns.
5. Laid the foundation for Rome's Imperial coinage.
6. Introduced a new calendar based on the Egyptian solar calendar and with a year beginning on January
1, and lasting 365 ¼ days.
Death of Caesar - In 44 B.C., Caesar assumed the title "dictator for life."
Caesar was assassinated by Senators ("the Tyrannicides") on 15 March 44 B.C.
The Second Triumvirate - Coalition of Marcus Antonius, Octavian, and Marcus Lepidus.
Formed to fight the "tyrannicides" and avenge Caesar's death.
Banned its enemies and potential rivals, including Cicero.
Defeated the tyrannicides in 42 B.C. at Philippi.
Cicero's Death - Cicero had not been a part of the plot that killed Caesar, but he did not have a good
relationship with Antony, and tried to have him declared an enemy of the state.
Antony had Cicero murdered in 43 B.C.
First Triumvirate - Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus
Pompey - Leading Roman general in the late Republic.
As a statesman, he spoke poorly and awkwardly, and often fell back on silence because he could think of
nothing to say.
Main ambition was to be admired as Rome's greatest hero.
Marcus Licinius Crassus - Was of nobility, and was noted for his ambition and business savvy, particularly
in the acquisition of burned property, which he would repair or rebuild for a profit.
Put down the rebellion of Spartacus
The Consulship of Pompey and Crassus - In 70 B.C., both Pompey and Crassus were elected as consuls.
1. Passed a law to restore to the tribunes all powers taken away by Sulla.
2. Proposed a law to restore citizenship to all who had fought under Lepidus and Sertorius.
3. Revived the censorship, dormant since Sulla's time.
4. Successfully supported a law that broke the senatorial monopoly on jury service.
The lex Gabinia - Enacted in 67 B.C. by the consul Gabinius to appoint Pompey as a centralized
commander to combat pirates.
1. The commander's authority, superior to that of the provincial governors, extended over all coastal
lands up to 50 Roman miles from the sea.
2. He could draw from the public treasury.
3. He could raise a fleet up to 500 ships, and recruit an army of 120,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry.
,Pompey in the eastern Mediterranean - 1. Cleaned the Mediterranean of pirates in 40 days.
2. Took Jerusalem in 63 B.C., ending Jewish independence
Pompey's victory - Victory rested upon:
A. His overwhelming superiority of armaments.
B. His treatment of captives. Instead of following the usual Roman practice of crucifying or selling them
into slavery he resettled those who surrendered on farms or villages in Asia Minor.
Julius Caesar (First Triumvirate) - Between 59 and 52 B.C. he built an impressive political and military
reputation—serving first as consul, and then fighting in the Gallic War.
He was smart, unconventional, and bold almost to the point of recklessness.
The Breakdown of the First Triumvirate - 1. The death of Crassus in Syria in 53 B.C.
2. Pompey- with his geographical proximity to Rome and the rise of gang violence in Rome that he was
called upon to put down- believed that he was within reach of being a traditional leader.
3. The death of Pompey's wife (and Caesar's daughter) ended the family connection between Caesar
and Pompey.
4. In 50 B.C., the optimates tried to force Caesar from command in Gaul, and commissioned Pompey to
lead two legions against him.
The death of Crassus in Syria in 53 B.C. - Wanting to enhance his military reputation, Crassus attacked
the Parthians to his east.
Killed at Carrhae
Crossing the Rubicon - In January 49 B.C., Caesar- claiming to be acting in the defense of the tribunes--
crossed the Rubicon River, and moved toward Rome with his army (6 legions or 30,000 infantry and
3,000 cavalry).
,Marked the beginning of the Roman Civil War.
The Roman Civil War, 49-45 B.C. - 1. As Caesar marched toward Rome, Pompey's two trained legions-
mostly veterans from Caesar's campaigns- abandoned him
2. Occupied Rome and became dictator (December 49 B.C.).
3. The Battle of Pharsalus (August 48 B.C.)
4. Intervened on behalf of Cleopatra in the Egyptian civil war, installing her to power over her brother in
47 B.C.
5. Between 47 and 45 B.C., he dealt with- and defeated-- the supporters of Pompey (including Cato) in
Africa and Spain.
The Battle of Pharsalus (August 48 B.C.) - Caesar pursued Pompey to Greece
Clashed in Thessaly (at Pharsalus), where he divisively defeated Pompey
Numerical advantage--
Pompey's Advantage at Pharsalus - Numerical advantage--
Caesar's total force: 30,000
Pompey's total force: 55,000
Held the higher ground
Possessed ample supplies from Greek allies
Pompey's Mistake at Pharsalus - Failed to charge, allowing Caesar's exhausted men- who had begun a
charge from a great distance away- to stop and rest
, Death of Pompey - Pompey fled to Egypt, where Ptolemy XIII- in a civil war with his famous sister
Cleopatra VII- murdered Pompey in an attempt to link their cause with the rising Caesar.
They cut off Pompey's head, pickled it in brine for a gift to Caesar, and left the body to rot on the shore.
Reforms of Julius Caesar - 1. Established law and order-- put down street gangs in Rome
2. Reduced the number of unemployed from 320,000 to 150,000 through a public works project.
3. Cancelled interest on debts
4. Extended citizenship to a number of people—especially those groups (such as the Jews) that had
supported him in his military campaigns.
5. Laid the foundation for Rome's Imperial coinage.
6. Introduced a new calendar based on the Egyptian solar calendar and with a year beginning on January
1, and lasting 365 ¼ days.
Death of Caesar - In 44 B.C., Caesar assumed the title "dictator for life."
Caesar was assassinated by Senators ("the Tyrannicides") on 15 March 44 B.C.
The Second Triumvirate - Coalition of Marcus Antonius, Octavian, and Marcus Lepidus.
Formed to fight the "tyrannicides" and avenge Caesar's death.
Banned its enemies and potential rivals, including Cicero.
Defeated the tyrannicides in 42 B.C. at Philippi.
Cicero's Death - Cicero had not been a part of the plot that killed Caesar, but he did not have a good
relationship with Antony, and tried to have him declared an enemy of the state.
Antony had Cicero murdered in 43 B.C.
