NSG120 unit 6 Chapter 36
Exam Questions and Answers
easing the work of breathing.
What is the relationship between SDD and the need for mechanical ventilation? - correct
answer Many premature infants with SDD require mechanical ventilation, which can lead to
further lung damage.
What are some maternal risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)? - correct answer
Placental insufficiency, lack of antenatal steroids, infection, and smoking.
What infant predispositions increase the risk for developing BPD? - correct answer Premature
birth (especially ≤28 weeks), genetic susceptibility, male sex, race, altered microbiome, sepsis,
and mechanical ventilation.
What are the key characteristics of classic bronchopulmonary dysplasia? - correct answer
Airway injury, inflammation, and parenchymal fibrosis.
What is the new form of BPD associated with surfactant therapy? - correct answer A form of
arrested lung development resulting from an aberrant repair response to antenatal and
postnatal lung injury.
,What role do proinflammatory cytokines play in BPD? - correct answer Elevated levels of
cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 contribute to inflammation and injury in preterm
infants who develop BPD.
What are common clinical manifestations of bronchopulmonary dysplasia? - correct answer
Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, increased work of breathing, intermittent bronchospasm, mucus
plugging, and pulmonary hypertension.
What evaluation methods are used for bronchopulmonary dysplasia? - correct answer Chest x-
ray and echocardiography to rule out other causes of respiratory distress.
What treatments are commonly used for infants with severe BPD? - correct answer Prolonged
assisted ventilation, diuretics, bronchodilators, low-dose corticosteroids, caffeine citrate, and
vitamin A supplementation.
What is the purpose of surfactant in the lungs? - correct answer To decrease alveolar surface
tension.
What is bronchiolitis and which age group is most affected? - correct answer Bronchiolitis is the
most common viral respiratory tract infection of the small airways, primarily affecting children
younger than 2 years.
What is the most common pathogen causing bronchiolitis? - correct answer Respiratory
syncytial virus (RSV).
What are the initial symptoms of bronchiolitis? - correct answer Rhinorrhea and cough,
followed by systemic signs like decreased appetite, lethargy, and fever.
What complications can arise from severe bronchiolitis? - correct answer Airway occlusion
leading to bronchiolitis obliterans, which can occur after viral bronchiolitis or lung/bone marrow
transplantation.
, What are the evaluation criteria for diagnosing bronchiolitis? - correct answer Reviewing
history, signs, and symptoms such as rhinitis, cough, wheezing, chest retractions, and
tachypnea.
What is the recommended treatment for mild cases of bronchiolitis? - correct answer
Supportive care, often without specific treatment, while monitoring the child as an outpatient.
What preventive treatment can reduce morbidity in infants with RSV bronchiolitis? - correct
answer RSV-specific monoclonal antibody (palivizumab).
What are some potential long-term outcomes for children with BPD? - correct answer Increased
risk for chronic lung disease and monitoring into adulthood.
What are the effects of mechanical ventilation on infants at risk for BPD? - correct answer It can
contribute to volutrauma, barotrauma, and atelectotrauma.
What are some important mediators involved in the pathogenesis of BPD? - correct answer
Growth factors like insulin-like growth factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor.
What clinical signs may indicate severe respiratory distress in infants? - correct answer
Tachypnea, wheezing, chest retractions, and in very young infants, severe apnea.
How does bronchiolitis affect airway mechanics? - correct answer It causes airway narrowing,
obstruction of airflow, air trapping, and increased work of breathing.
What is the relationship between bronchiolitis and asthma risk later in childhood? - correct
answer Bronchiolitis has been linked to an increased risk for asthma, especially in children with
a family history of asthma.
Exam Questions and Answers
easing the work of breathing.
What is the relationship between SDD and the need for mechanical ventilation? - correct
answer Many premature infants with SDD require mechanical ventilation, which can lead to
further lung damage.
What are some maternal risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)? - correct answer
Placental insufficiency, lack of antenatal steroids, infection, and smoking.
What infant predispositions increase the risk for developing BPD? - correct answer Premature
birth (especially ≤28 weeks), genetic susceptibility, male sex, race, altered microbiome, sepsis,
and mechanical ventilation.
What are the key characteristics of classic bronchopulmonary dysplasia? - correct answer
Airway injury, inflammation, and parenchymal fibrosis.
What is the new form of BPD associated with surfactant therapy? - correct answer A form of
arrested lung development resulting from an aberrant repair response to antenatal and
postnatal lung injury.
,What role do proinflammatory cytokines play in BPD? - correct answer Elevated levels of
cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 contribute to inflammation and injury in preterm
infants who develop BPD.
What are common clinical manifestations of bronchopulmonary dysplasia? - correct answer
Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, increased work of breathing, intermittent bronchospasm, mucus
plugging, and pulmonary hypertension.
What evaluation methods are used for bronchopulmonary dysplasia? - correct answer Chest x-
ray and echocardiography to rule out other causes of respiratory distress.
What treatments are commonly used for infants with severe BPD? - correct answer Prolonged
assisted ventilation, diuretics, bronchodilators, low-dose corticosteroids, caffeine citrate, and
vitamin A supplementation.
What is the purpose of surfactant in the lungs? - correct answer To decrease alveolar surface
tension.
What is bronchiolitis and which age group is most affected? - correct answer Bronchiolitis is the
most common viral respiratory tract infection of the small airways, primarily affecting children
younger than 2 years.
What is the most common pathogen causing bronchiolitis? - correct answer Respiratory
syncytial virus (RSV).
What are the initial symptoms of bronchiolitis? - correct answer Rhinorrhea and cough,
followed by systemic signs like decreased appetite, lethargy, and fever.
What complications can arise from severe bronchiolitis? - correct answer Airway occlusion
leading to bronchiolitis obliterans, which can occur after viral bronchiolitis or lung/bone marrow
transplantation.
, What are the evaluation criteria for diagnosing bronchiolitis? - correct answer Reviewing
history, signs, and symptoms such as rhinitis, cough, wheezing, chest retractions, and
tachypnea.
What is the recommended treatment for mild cases of bronchiolitis? - correct answer
Supportive care, often without specific treatment, while monitoring the child as an outpatient.
What preventive treatment can reduce morbidity in infants with RSV bronchiolitis? - correct
answer RSV-specific monoclonal antibody (palivizumab).
What are some potential long-term outcomes for children with BPD? - correct answer Increased
risk for chronic lung disease and monitoring into adulthood.
What are the effects of mechanical ventilation on infants at risk for BPD? - correct answer It can
contribute to volutrauma, barotrauma, and atelectotrauma.
What are some important mediators involved in the pathogenesis of BPD? - correct answer
Growth factors like insulin-like growth factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor.
What clinical signs may indicate severe respiratory distress in infants? - correct answer
Tachypnea, wheezing, chest retractions, and in very young infants, severe apnea.
How does bronchiolitis affect airway mechanics? - correct answer It causes airway narrowing,
obstruction of airflow, air trapping, and increased work of breathing.
What is the relationship between bronchiolitis and asthma risk later in childhood? - correct
answer Bronchiolitis has been linked to an increased risk for asthma, especially in children with
a family history of asthma.
