Normal WBC count - Answer4-11 or 4,000-11,000
Neutrophils ROLE - AnswerDestroy bacteria
Lymphocytes ROLE - AnswerDestroy viruses
Monocytes Role - AnswerClear cellular debris. They eat dead cells
Eosinophils ROLE - AnswerCombat allergens/parasites
Basophils ROLE - AnswerUndetermined. Have a role in anaphylaxis
BANDS on a WBC differential - AnswerImmature neutrophils. They sneak out before they are fully
developed. Increase in Bands means something bad is happening. Usually bacteria
Legal Authority: Certification - AnswerDoes not provide legal authority to practice. it just shows that
you have a knowledge base
Legal authority: State licensure - AnswerGrants the NP the authority to practice in a state. Defined
by the individuals state's nurse practice act
Legal authority: prescriptive authority - AnswerChanges from state to state. Most need a license to
prescribe. Most need a collaborative agreement.
Legal authority: credentialing - AnswerProvide practice authority in a particular institution. Enables
insurance reimbursement. Defines hospital privileges.
Systematic review (meta analysis) - Answer#1 Highest form of research. A massive review of
published research, in one place.
,Randomized controlled trial - Answer#2 Evaluates the effectiveness of an intervention
Cohort study - Answer#3 prospective or retrospective study that evaluates variables and outcomes.
Case-Control Study - Answer#4 a retrospective study which evaluates cases. Compares risk factors
Case series - Answer#5 Retrospective study examining the experiences of a group
Case Report - Answer#5 CLinical narrative of a single patient case
Editorial - Answer#6 An essay that addresses a specific topic from a qualified individual or group of
individuals
Expert opinion - Answer#6 Essay of a topic of concern from a qualified individual
Null hypothesis - AnswerWhat you are trying to DISPROVE
alternative hypothesis - AnswerWhat you are trying to prove
P value >0.05 - AnswerFail to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is true. You are unable
to disprove what you wanted to disprove
P value < 0.05 - Answerreject the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is true. You are able to
disprove what you wanted to disprove. This result is statistically significant
Quantitative studies - AnswerUsed to establish a correlation by evaluating the null hypothesis and
alternative hypothesis.
Relies on numerical and measurable data
Qualitative studies - AnswerRely on personal accounts or details in how people think and respond.
You want data saturation with no new ideas emerging. NO STATISTICS
,What three things need to happen for an issue to be malpractice? - Answer1) there needs to be a
duty to the patient
2) Violation in standard of care
3) injury or death resulted due to that violation of care
Beneficence - AnswerObligation to help people in need
Best thing to do for the patient
Autonomy - AnswerPatients right to make decisions
veracity - Answerbeing truthful and giving the patient full disclosure
non-malfeasance - AnswerEthical concept requiring that an action do no harm, or do less harm than
good
justice - Answerpatient gets what they deserve
Insurance: Claims made policy - AnswerCheapest form of insurance. Will cover you when the claim is
made if it was also the same policy in effect at the time of the incident.
Insurance: Occurrence based policy - AnswerBasically as long as the policy was active during the
event, you are covered
Insurance: Tail coverage - AnswerExtends the life of the claims made policy up until the end of the
statue of limitations. Most expensive coverage
WBC differential: Left shift - AnswerSignificant increase in neutrophils. Most likely a bacterial
infection
WBC differential: Right shift - AnswerSignificant increase in lymphocytes. Most likely a viral infection
Most common cause of fever in the acute care setting - AnswerBacterial infections
, Most common cause of fever in immunocompromised patients - AnswerFungal infection. insidious
onset that last much longer.
Non-infectious causes of fever - AnswerAutoimmune
Inflammatory
Drug reactions
Post operative causes of fever: Bacterial - AnswerWill see: fever (high fever), leukocytosis with
neutrophilla (left shift), surgical site drainage
Diagnostic workup: Pan cultures
TX: ANTBX only with signs of bacterial infection. Remove offending items
Post operative causes of fever: Volume contraction - AnswerWill see: fever (mild), azotemia,
decreased skin tugor (except in elderly), decreased PO intake, inadequate IV hydration
Diagnostic workup: Metabolic panel, replace EBL, eval I&O. Urine output is the best indicator of
tissue perfusion
TX: Isotonic IV fluids and increase PO intake
Post operative causes of fever: Atelectasis - AnswerWill see: fever (mild), Atelectasis present on CXR,
Lack of incentive spirometer use, cough, SOB, decreased lung sound
Diagnostic work up: eval incentive spirometer use
diagnostic exclusion
may consider CXR
TX: encourage use of incentive spirometer, OOB to chair and ambulation, educate on splinting, eval
med use
STreptococcus pneumoniae - AnswerGram-positive. anaerobic
Neutrophils ROLE - AnswerDestroy bacteria
Lymphocytes ROLE - AnswerDestroy viruses
Monocytes Role - AnswerClear cellular debris. They eat dead cells
Eosinophils ROLE - AnswerCombat allergens/parasites
Basophils ROLE - AnswerUndetermined. Have a role in anaphylaxis
BANDS on a WBC differential - AnswerImmature neutrophils. They sneak out before they are fully
developed. Increase in Bands means something bad is happening. Usually bacteria
Legal Authority: Certification - AnswerDoes not provide legal authority to practice. it just shows that
you have a knowledge base
Legal authority: State licensure - AnswerGrants the NP the authority to practice in a state. Defined
by the individuals state's nurse practice act
Legal authority: prescriptive authority - AnswerChanges from state to state. Most need a license to
prescribe. Most need a collaborative agreement.
Legal authority: credentialing - AnswerProvide practice authority in a particular institution. Enables
insurance reimbursement. Defines hospital privileges.
Systematic review (meta analysis) - Answer#1 Highest form of research. A massive review of
published research, in one place.
,Randomized controlled trial - Answer#2 Evaluates the effectiveness of an intervention
Cohort study - Answer#3 prospective or retrospective study that evaluates variables and outcomes.
Case-Control Study - Answer#4 a retrospective study which evaluates cases. Compares risk factors
Case series - Answer#5 Retrospective study examining the experiences of a group
Case Report - Answer#5 CLinical narrative of a single patient case
Editorial - Answer#6 An essay that addresses a specific topic from a qualified individual or group of
individuals
Expert opinion - Answer#6 Essay of a topic of concern from a qualified individual
Null hypothesis - AnswerWhat you are trying to DISPROVE
alternative hypothesis - AnswerWhat you are trying to prove
P value >0.05 - AnswerFail to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is true. You are unable
to disprove what you wanted to disprove
P value < 0.05 - Answerreject the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is true. You are able to
disprove what you wanted to disprove. This result is statistically significant
Quantitative studies - AnswerUsed to establish a correlation by evaluating the null hypothesis and
alternative hypothesis.
Relies on numerical and measurable data
Qualitative studies - AnswerRely on personal accounts or details in how people think and respond.
You want data saturation with no new ideas emerging. NO STATISTICS
,What three things need to happen for an issue to be malpractice? - Answer1) there needs to be a
duty to the patient
2) Violation in standard of care
3) injury or death resulted due to that violation of care
Beneficence - AnswerObligation to help people in need
Best thing to do for the patient
Autonomy - AnswerPatients right to make decisions
veracity - Answerbeing truthful and giving the patient full disclosure
non-malfeasance - AnswerEthical concept requiring that an action do no harm, or do less harm than
good
justice - Answerpatient gets what they deserve
Insurance: Claims made policy - AnswerCheapest form of insurance. Will cover you when the claim is
made if it was also the same policy in effect at the time of the incident.
Insurance: Occurrence based policy - AnswerBasically as long as the policy was active during the
event, you are covered
Insurance: Tail coverage - AnswerExtends the life of the claims made policy up until the end of the
statue of limitations. Most expensive coverage
WBC differential: Left shift - AnswerSignificant increase in neutrophils. Most likely a bacterial
infection
WBC differential: Right shift - AnswerSignificant increase in lymphocytes. Most likely a viral infection
Most common cause of fever in the acute care setting - AnswerBacterial infections
, Most common cause of fever in immunocompromised patients - AnswerFungal infection. insidious
onset that last much longer.
Non-infectious causes of fever - AnswerAutoimmune
Inflammatory
Drug reactions
Post operative causes of fever: Bacterial - AnswerWill see: fever (high fever), leukocytosis with
neutrophilla (left shift), surgical site drainage
Diagnostic workup: Pan cultures
TX: ANTBX only with signs of bacterial infection. Remove offending items
Post operative causes of fever: Volume contraction - AnswerWill see: fever (mild), azotemia,
decreased skin tugor (except in elderly), decreased PO intake, inadequate IV hydration
Diagnostic workup: Metabolic panel, replace EBL, eval I&O. Urine output is the best indicator of
tissue perfusion
TX: Isotonic IV fluids and increase PO intake
Post operative causes of fever: Atelectasis - AnswerWill see: fever (mild), Atelectasis present on CXR,
Lack of incentive spirometer use, cough, SOB, decreased lung sound
Diagnostic work up: eval incentive spirometer use
diagnostic exclusion
may consider CXR
TX: encourage use of incentive spirometer, OOB to chair and ambulation, educate on splinting, eval
med use
STreptococcus pneumoniae - AnswerGram-positive. anaerobic
